在上一篇Python接口自动化测试系列文章：Python接口自动化之Token详解及应用，介绍token基本概念、运行原理及在自动化中接口如何携带token进行访问。
以下主要介绍如何封装请求。
?还记得我们之前写的get请求、post请求么？
大家应该有体会，每个请求类型都写成单独的函数，代码复用性不强。
接下来将请求类型都封装起来，自动化用例都可以用这个封装的请求类进行请求，我们将常用的get、post请求封装起来。
import?requests
class?RequestHandler:
????def?get(self,?url,?**kwargs):
????????"""封装get方法"""
????????#?获取请求参数
????????params?=?kwargs.get("params")
????????headers?=?kwargs.get("headers")
????????try:
????????????result?=?requests.get(url,?params=params,?headers=headers)
????????????return?result
????????except?Exception?as?e:
????????????print("get请求错误:?%s"?%?e)
????def?post(self,?url,?**kwargs):
????????"""封装post方法"""
????????#?获取请求参数
????????params?=?kwargs.get("params")
????????data?=?kwargs.get("data")
????????json?=?kwargs.get("json")
????????try:
????????????result?=?requests.post(url,?params=params,?data=data,?json=json)
????????????return?result
????????except?Exception?as?e:
????????????print("post请求错误:?%s"?%?e)
????def?run_main(self,?method,?**kwargs):
????????"""
????????判断请求类型
????????:param?method:?请求接口类型
????????:param?kwargs:?选填参数
????????:return:?接口返回内容
????????"""
????????if?method?==?'get':
????????????result?=?self.get(**kwargs)
????????????return?result
????????elif?method?==?'post':
????????????result?=?self.post(**kwargs)
????????????return?result
????????else:
????????????print('请求接口类型错误')
if?__name__?==?'__main__':
????#?以下是测试代码
????#?get请求接口
????url?=?'https://api.apiopen.top/getJoke?page=1&count=2&type=video'
????res?=?RequestHandler().get(url)
????#?post请求接口
????url2?=?'http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/login/'
????payload?=?{
????????"username":?"vivi",
????????"password":?"123456"
????}
????res2?=?RequestHandler().post(url2,json=payload)
????print(res.json())
????print(res2.json())
请求结果如下：
{'code':?200,?'message':?'成功!',?'result':?[{'sid':?'31004305',?'text':?'羊：师傅，理个发，稍微修一下就行',?'type':?'video',?'thumbnail':?'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/picture/2020/0410/5e8fbf227c7f3_wpd.jpg',?'video':?'http://uvideo.spriteapp.cn/video/2020/0410/5e8fbf227c7f3_wpd.mp4',?'images':?None,?'up':?'95',?'down':?'1',?'forward':?'0',?'comment':?'25',?'uid':?'23189193',?'name':?'青川小舟',?'header':?'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile/large/2019/12/24/5e01934bb01b5_mini.jpg',?'top_comments_content':?None,?'top_comments_voiceuri':?None,?'top_comments_uid':?None,?'top_comments_name':?None,?'top_comments_header':?None,?'passtime':?'2020-04-12?01:43:02'},?{'sid':?'30559863',?'text':?'机器人女友，除了不能生孩子，其他的啥都会，价格239000元',?'type':?'video',?'thumbnail':?'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/picture/2020/0306/5e61a41172a1b_wpd.jpg',?'video':?'http://uvideo.spriteapp.cn/video/2020/0306/5e61a41172a1b_wpd.mp4',?'images':?None,?'up':?'80',?'down':?'6',?'forward':?'3',?'comment':?'20',?'uid':?'23131273',?'name':?'水到渠成',?'header':?'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile/large/2019/07/04/5d1d90349cd1a_mini.jpg',?'top_comments_content':?'为游戏做的秀',?'top_comments_voiceuri':?'',?'top_comments_uid':?'10250040',?'top_comments_name':?'不得姐用户',?'top_comments_header':?'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile',?'passtime':?'2020-04-11?20:43:49'}]}
{'token':?'eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxLCJ1c2VybmFtZSI6InZpdmkiLCJleHAiOjE1ODY4NTc0MzcsImVtYWlsIjoidml2aUBxcS5jb20ifQ.k6y0dAfNU2o9Hd9LFfxEk1HKgczlQfUaKE-imPfTsm4',?'user_id':?1,?'username':?'vivi'}
这样就完美了吗，no,no,no。以上代码痛点如下：
代码量大：只是封装了get、post请求，加上其他请求类型，代码量较大；
缺少会话管理：请求之间如何保持会话状态。
我们再来回顾下get、post等请求源码，看下是否有啥特点。
get请求源码：
def?get(url,?params=None,?**kwargs):
????r"""Sends?a?GET?request.
????:param?url:?URL?for?the?new?:class:`Request`?object.
????:param?params:?(optional)?Dictionary,?list?of?tuples?or?bytes?to?send
????????in?the?query?string?for?the?:class:`Request`.
????:param?\*\*kwargs:?Optional?arguments?that?``request``?takes.
????:return:?:class:`Response?<Response>`?object
????:rtype:?requests.Response
????"""
????kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects',?True)
????return?request('get',?url,?params=params,?**kwargs)
post请求源码：
def?post(url,?data=None,?json=None,?**kwargs):
????r"""Sends?a?POST?request.
????:param?url:?URL?for?the?new?:class:`Request`?object.
????:param?data:?(optional)?Dictionary,?list?of?tuples,?bytes,?or?file-like
????????object?to?send?in?the?body?of?the?:class:`Request`.
????:param?json:?(optional)?json?data?to?send?in?the?body?of?the?:class:`Request`.
????:param?\*\*kwargs:?Optional?arguments?that?``request``?takes.
????:return:?:class:`Response?<Response>`?object
????:rtype:?requests.Response
????"""
????return?request('post',?url,?data=data,?json=json,?**kwargs)
仔细研究下，发现get、post请求返回的都是request函数。
既然这样，我们再来研究下request源码：
def?request(method,?url,?**kwargs):
????"""Constructs?and?sends?a?:class:`Request?<Request>`.
????:param?method:?method?for?the?new?:class:`Request`?object.
????:param?url:?URL?for?the?new?:class:`Request`?object.
????:param?params:?(optional)?Dictionary,?list?of?tuples?or?bytes?to?send
????????in?the?query?string?for?the?:class:`Request`.
????:param?data:?(optional)?Dictionary,?list?of?tuples,?bytes,?or?file-like
????????object?to?send?in?the?body?of?the?:class:`Request`.
????:param?json:?(optional)?A?JSON?serializable?Python?object?to?send?in?the?body?of?the?:class:`Request`.
????:param?headers:?(optional)?Dictionary?of?HTTP?Headers?to?send?with?the?:class:`Request`.
????:param?cookies:?(optional)?Dict?or?CookieJar?object?to?send?with?the?:class:`Request`.
????:param?files:?(optional)?Dictionary?of?``'name':?file-like-objects``?(or?``{'name':?file-tuple}``)?for?multipart?encoding?upload.
????????``file-tuple``?can?be?a?2-tuple?``('filename',?fileobj)``,?3-tuple?``('filename',?fileobj,?'content_type')``
????????or?a?4-tuple?``('filename',?fileobj,?'content_type',?custom_headers)``,?where?``'content-type'``?is?a?string
????????defining?the?content?type?of?the?given?file?and?``custom_headers``?a?dict-like?object?containing?additional?headers
????????to?add?for?the?file.
????:param?auth:?(optional)?Auth?tuple?to?enable?Basic/Digest/Custom?HTTP?Auth.
????:param?timeout:?(optional)?How?many?seconds?to?wait?for?the?server?to?send?data
????????before?giving?up,?as?a?float,?or?a?:ref:`(connect?timeout,?read
????????timeout)?<timeouts>`?tuple.
????:type?timeout:?float?or?tuple
????:param?allow_redirects:?(optional)?Boolean.?Enable/disable?GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD?redirection.?Defaults?to?``True``.
????:type?allow_redirects:?bool
????:param?proxies:?(optional)?Dictionary?mapping?protocol?to?the?URL?of?the?proxy.
????:param?verify:?(optional)?Either?a?boolean,?in?which?case?it?controls?whether?we?verify
????????????the?server's?TLS?certificate,?or?a?string,?in?which?case?it?must?be?a?path
????????????to?a?CA?bundle?to?use.?Defaults?to?``True``.
????:param?stream:?(optional)?if?``False``,?the?response?content?will?be?immediately?downloaded.
????:param?cert:?(optional)?if?String,?path?to?ssl?client?cert?file?(.pem).?If?Tuple,?('cert',?'key')?pair.
????:return:?:class:`Response?<Response>`?object
????:rtype:?requests.Response
????Usage::
??????>>>?import?requests
??????>>>?req?=?requests.request('GET',?'https://httpbin.org/get')
??????<Response?[200]>
????"""
????#?By?using?the?'with'?statement?we?are?sure?the?session?is?closed,?thus?we
????#?avoid?leaving?sockets?open?which?can?trigger?a?ResourceWarning?in?some
????#?cases,?and?look?like?a?memory?leak?in?others.
????with?sessions.Session()?as?session:
????????return?session.request(method=method,?url=url,?**kwargs)
源码看起来很长，其实只有三行，大部分是代码注释。从源码中可以看出，不管是get还是post亦或其他请求类型，最终都是调用request函数。
既然这样，我们可以不像之前那样，在类内定义get方法、post方法，而是定义一个通用的方法，直接调用request函数即可。看起来有点绕，用代码实现就清晰了。
import?requests
class?RequestHandler:
????def?__init__(self):
????????"""session管理器"""
????????self.session?=?requests.session()
????def?visit(self,?method,?url,?params=None,?data=None,?json=None,?headers=None,?**kwargs):
????????return?self.session.request(method,url,?params=params,?data=data,?json=json,?headers=headers,**kwargs)
????def?close_session(self):
????????"""关闭session"""
????????self.session.close()
if?__name__?==?'__main__':
????#?以下是测试代码
????#?post请求接口
????url?=?'http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/login/'
????payload?=?{
????????"username":?"vivi",
????????"password":?"123456"
????}
????req?=?RequestHandler()
????login_res?=?req.visit("post",?url,?json=payload)
????print(login_res.text)
响应结果：
{
????"token":?"eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxLCJ1c2VybmFtZSI6InZpdmkiLCJleHAiOjE1ODY4Njk3ODQsImVtYWlsIjoidml2aUBxcS5jb20ifQ.OD4HIv8G0HZ_RCk-GTVAZ9ADRjwqr3o0E32CC_2JMLg",
????"user_id":?1,
????"username":?"vivi"
}
这次请求封装简洁实用，当然小伙伴们也可以根据自己的需求自行封装。 总结：本文主要通过源码分析，总结出一套简洁的请求类封装。
下一篇：unittest单元测试框架，敬请关注。
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