前言
模块导入
import datashader as ds
import datashader.transfer_functions as tf
import pandas as pd
import colorcet
from IPython.display import Image
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
读取数据
- 数据是以Parquet存储的,Parquet 是 Hadoop 生态圈中主流的列式存储格式;
- 可以通过
pandas.read_parquet 进行数据读取,pandas中可以选择pyarrow和fastparquet两种读取引擎,都需要安装额外的模块才能使用,经过对比,推荐使用fastparquet ,读取速度更快,内存占用也会低一些;
%%time
df = pd.read_parquet('/home/mw/input/census2270/census2010.parq/census2010.parq', engine='fastparquet')
"""
CPU times: user 2.99 s, sys: 1.4 s, total: 4.39 s
Wall time: 4.42 s
"""
- 原始数据集中northing,easting是WebMercator信息,通过如下方法转为经纬度数据;
import math
def webMercator2LngLat(y):
lat = y / 20037508.34 * 180
lat = 180 / math.pi * \
(2 * math.atan(math.exp(lat * math.pi / 180)) - math.pi / 2)
return lat
- 这一步会非常耗时,且内存占用很高,如果你的电脑内存低于16G建议不要轻易尝试;
%%time
df.easting = df.easting / 20037508.34 * 180
df.northing = df.northing.apply(webMercator2LngLat)
df.columns = ['lon', 'lat', 'race']
"""
CPU times: user 4min 1s, sys: 13.8 s, total: 4min 15s
Wall time: 4min 15s
"""
- 数据集字段中race代表人种(w表示是白人,b表示是黑人,a表示为亚洲人,h表示拉丁裔,o表示其他);
| lon | lat | race |
---|
0 | -111.559685 | 31.496704 | h | 1 | -111.557396 | 31.494548 | h | 2 | -111.554993 | 31.497926 | h | 3 | -111.550125 | 31.498326 | w | 4 | -111.553864 | 31.494439 | h |
- 导出与展示的配置信息;
- 生成的图片会直接在notebook中进行渲染展示,同时在project/export文件夹下会保存一份图片;
- 注意这个是在jupyter notebook中使用的代码;
from IPython.core.display import HTML, display
from datashader.utils import export_image
from functools import partial
background='black'
export = partial(export_image, background = background, export_path="export")
display(HTML("<style>.container { width:100% !important; }</style>"))
- 各个区域的经纬度边界信息,用于后期数据的筛选与定位;
USA = ((-124.72, -66.95), (23.55, 50.06))
LakeMichigan = (( -91.68, -83.97), (40.75, 44.08))
Chicago = (( -88.29, -87.30), (41.57, 42.00))
Chinatown = (( -87.67, -87.63), (41.84, 41.86))
NewYorkCity = (( -74.39, -73.44), (40.51, 40.91))
LosAngeles = ((-118.53, -117.81), (33.63, 33.96))
Houston = (( -96.05, -94.68), (29.45, 30.11))
Austin = (( -97.91, -97.52), (30.17, 30.37))
NewOrleans = (( -90.37, -89.89), (29.82, 30.05))
Atlanta = (( -84.88, -84.04), (33.45, 33.84))
width, height = 1000, 600
- 用于从原始数据集中筛选出对应区域的函数,考虑后期会多次复用,所以这边将其定义为一个函数;
def area_filter(longitude, latitude):
dd = df[(df.lon.between(*longitude)) & (df.lat.between(*latitude))]
return dd
第一个例子
- 筛选出美国本土的位置数据,聚合之后会变成一个1000*600(前文中定义的图片的长宽)的二维数组(代码中的
agg )
dd = area_filter(*USA)
cvs = ds.Canvas(plot_width=width, plot_height=height)
agg = cvs.points(dd, y='lat', x='lon').fillna(0)
export(tf.shade(agg, cmap=colorcet.fire),"USA_fire")
linear
采用线性映射,不过由于不同地域之间人口密度差距太大,采用线性映射的时候大部分区域映射的颜色都是接近黑色了,整体图片也能看到几个小亮点;
export(tf.shade(agg, cmap=colorcet.fire, how='linear'),"USA_fire_linear")
log
export(tf.shade(agg, cmap=colorcet.fire, how='log'),"USA_fire_log")\
eq_hist
export(tf.shade(agg, cmap=colorcet.fire, how='eq_hist'),"USA_fire_eq_hist")
- 如果我们想要显示更多的细节,可以通过
colormap_select 舍弃掉前20%的颜色(接近黑色部分),对比上图,可以看到整体会亮了很多;
from datashader.colors import colormap_select
export(tf.shade(agg, colormap_select(colorcet.fire, 0.2)),"USA_fire_eq_hist")
datashader中本身也有很多配色方案;
from datashader.colors import viridis
export(tf.shade(agg, cmap=colormap_select(viridis, 0.2)),"census_viridis_eq_hist")
我们也可以使用matplotlib 中的配色方案
from matplotlib.cm import magma
export(tf.shade(agg, magma),"USA_mpl")
人种分布
前文提到了数据集中还包含对应的人种信息,我们根据不同的人种对各个像素点进行染色;
美国整体
青色对应白人,绿色的是黑人,红色是亚裔,紫色是拉丁裔,黄色是印第安人;
color_key = {'w':'aqua', 'b':'lime', 'a':'red', 'h':'fuchsia', 'o':'yellow' }
def creat_image(area):
dd = area_filter(*area)
cvs = ds.Canvas(plot_width=width, plot_height=height)
agg = cvs.points(dd, 'lon', 'lat', ds.count_cat('race'))
img = tf.shade(agg, color_key=color_key, how='eq_hist')
return img
export(creat_image(USA), "USA-race")
密西根湖
export(creat_image(LakeMichigan), "LakeMichigan")
芝加哥
export(creat_image(Chicago), "Chicago")
纽约
export(creat_image(NewYorkCity), "NewYorkCity")
洛杉矶
export(creat_image(LosAngeles), "LosAngeles")
休斯顿
export(creat_image(Houston), "Houston")
奥斯汀
export(creat_image(Austin), "Austin")
新奥尔良
export(creat_image(NewOrleans), "NewOrleans")
亚特兰大
export(creat_image(Atlanta), "Atlanta")
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