一、requests模块介绍

???????Python内置的urllib模块，用于访问网络资源。但是，它用起来比较麻烦，而且，缺少很多实用的高级功能。因此requests模块在python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得python进行网络请求时，变得更加简洁和人性化。

官方模块中说明：

"""
Requests HTTP Library
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings.
Basic GET usage:

   >>> import requests
   >>> r = requests.get('https://www.python.org')
   >>> r.status_code
   200
   >>> b'Python is a programming language' in r.content
   True

... or POST:

   >>> payload = dict(key1='value1', key2='value2')
   >>> r = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
   >>> print(r.text)
   {
     ...
     "form": {
       "key1": "value1",
       "key2": "value2"
     },
     ...
   }

The other HTTP methods are supported - see `requests.api`. Full documentation
is at <https://requests.readthedocs.io>.

:copyright: (c) 2017 by Kenneth Reitz.
:license: Apache 2.0, see LICENSE for more details.
"""

二、使用步骤

安装requests模块： pip intsall requests
代码Demo示例，具体更加详细的用法见博客：https://www.cnblogs.com/lanyinhao/p/9634742.html

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

#python 网络请求，三方库；基于标准库urllib封装
#使用第三方库：requests，查看源码发现该模块使用：应用编程接口？----->怎么玩
# requests 
# 模块博客：https://www.cnblogs.com/saneri/p/9870901.html
# 参考博客： https://blog.csdn.net/yilovexing/article/details/54928769
import requests

#/API Demo
def get_method_simple_with_requests_module():
    url = "https://so.gushiwen.cn/mingjus/"
    reponse_obj = requests.get(url, timeout=1) # <class 'requests.models.Rezhuangtaisponse'>

## class Response(object):
    # __attrs__ = [
    #     '_content', 'status_code', 'headers', 'url', 'history',
    #     'encoding', 'reason', 'cookies', 'elapsed', 'request'
    # ]
    # @property = ['ok()', 'is_redirect()', 'is_permanent_redirect()', 
    # 'next()', 'apparent_encoding()', 'content()', 'text()', 'links()']
    # func = ['iter_content(...)', 'iter_lines(...)', 'raise_for_status(...)', 'close()']
    #### --- attr ---
    print(reponse_obj.status_code) #<class 'int'>
    print(reponse_obj.headers) #<class 'requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict'>
    print(reponse_obj.url) #<class 'str'>
    print(reponse_obj.history) #<class 'list'>
    print(reponse_obj.encoding) #<class 'str'> utf-8
    print(reponse_obj.reason) #状态描述e.g. "Not Found" or "OK".
    print(reponse_obj.cookies)
    print(reponse_obj.elapsed) #<class 'datetime.timedelta'> 请求返回间隔时间
   
    print(reponse_obj.request.method) #GET、<class 'requests.models.PreparedRequest'>
    print(reponse_obj.request.url)
    print(reponse_obj.request.headers)#<class 'requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict'>
    #{'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.25.1'}

    print(reponse_obj.request.body)
    print(reponse_obj.request.hooks)
    from requests.models import  PreparedRequest
    #### --- @property ---
    print(reponse_obj.ok) #@property, return True or False, 返回状态
    print(reponse_obj.is_redirect)  #@property, return True or False，是否重定向
    print(reponse_obj.is_permanent_redirect)
    print(reponse_obj.next)
    print(reponse_obj.apparent_encoding) # utf-8
    # print(type(reponse_obj.content)) #return <class 'bytes'>
    #print(reponse_obj.text) # return <class 'str'> 不建议使用该方法，容易出现编码问题。UnicodeEncodeError: 'gbk' codec can't encode character '\xa9' in position 55249: illegal multibyte sequence
    #print(reponse_obj.json()) #json.decoder.JSONDecodeError: Expecting value: line 2 column 1 (char 1)

#Get Request
# 下载网页：
        #https://so.gushiwen.cn/mingjus/default.aspx?page=2&tstr=春天&astr=李白&cstr=唐代&xstr=诗文
        # ?tstr=边塞  类型
        # ?astr=李白  作者
        # ?cstr=唐代  朝代
        # ?xstr=诗文  形式
def get_method_whole_with_requests_module():
    url = "https://so.gushiwen.cn/mingjus/default.aspx"
    params_set = {'page': 4, 'tstr': '边塞', 'astr': '李白', 'cstr': '唐代', 'xstr': '诗文'}
    headers_set = {
        'Content-Type': 'text/html;charset=utf-8',
        'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64)'
    }

    response_obj = requests.get(url, params=params_set, headers=headers_set)
    print(response_obj.url)
    print(response_obj.content)  #return <class 'bytes'>

#post 提交
def post_method_whole_with_requests_module():
    url='https://fanyi.baidu.com/sug'
    data_res = {'kw':'hi',}
    headers_set = {
        'Content-Type': 'text/html;charset=utf-8',
        'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64)'
    } 
    response_obj = requests.post(url, data=data_res, headers=headers_set)
    print(response_obj.status_code)
    print(response_obj.content) #"\u672a\u77e5\u9519\u8bef"
     

if __name__ == '__main__':
    get_method_simple_with_requests_module()
    get_method_whole_with_requests_module()
    post_method_whole_with_requests_module()
    from requests import api