[Python知识库]python flask 项目实践

架构：python+ flask +marshmallow+itsdangerous+pymysql

数据库：mysql

实现功能：登录、验证码、鉴权、用户、上传、下载、错误统一处理

api格式: restful + json

项目目录

web->controller ->uploads.py

import datetime
import os
import time

from flask import Blueprint, jsonify, request

from web import db
from web.setting import UPLOAD_URL
from web.token_auth import login_required

from web.model.uploads import Upload

# 创建蓝图
uploads = Blueprint('upload', __name__)


# 单文件上传
@uploads.route('/file', methods=["POST"])
@login_required()
def file():
    if request.files.to_dict() == {}:
        return jsonify(data={}, msg='file为空', code=500)

    year_time = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y')
    month_time = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%m')
    day_time = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%d')

    pwd = UPLOAD_URL+'\\'+year_time+'\\'+month_time+'\\'+day_time
    save_pwd = 'static\\uploads' + '\\' + year_time + '\\' + month_time + '\\' + day_time
    word_name = os.path.exists(pwd)

    f = request.files['file']
    az = os.path.splitext(f.filename)[1]
    if not word_name:
        os.makedirs(pwd)

    filename = int(round(time.time() * 1000))
    upload_path = os.path.join(pwd, str(filename)+az)
    save_upload_path = os.path.join(save_pwd, str(filename) + az)
    f.save(upload_path)

    data = Upload(name=str(filename)+az, path=save_upload_path)
    db.session.add(data)
    db.session.commit()

    return jsonify(data={}, msg='上传成功', code=200)


# 多文件上传
@uploads.route('/files', methods=["POST"])
@login_required()
def files():
    if len(request.files.getlist('files')) == 0:
        return jsonify(data={}, msg='files为空', code=500)

    year_time = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y')
    month_time = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%m')
    day_time = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%d')

    pwd = UPLOAD_URL + '\\' + year_time + '\\' + month_time + '\\' + day_time
    save_pwd = 'static\\uploads' + '\\' + year_time + '\\' + month_time + '\\' + day_time

    for f in request.files.getlist('files'):
        az = os.path.splitext(f.filename)[1]
        word_name = os.path.exists(pwd)
        if not word_name:
            os.makedirs(pwd)
        filename = str(round(time.time() * 1000))
        upload_path = os.path.join(pwd, filename+az)
        save_upload_path = os.path.join(save_pwd, str(filename) + az)
        f.save(upload_path)

        data = Upload(name=str(filename) + az, path=save_upload_path)
        db.session.add(data)

    db.session.commit()

    return jsonify(data={}, msg='上传成功', code=200)

web->controller ->user.py

import hashlib

from flask import jsonify, request, Blueprint, session
from marshmallow import ValidationError

from web.model.user import User
from web import db
from web.token_auth import create_token, login_required, verify_token
from web.validator.user import UserSchema, RegisterSchema, LoginSchema

from web.token_auth import check_token as check_token_auth

# 创建蓝图
user = Blueprint('user', __name__)


# 用户列表
@user.route('/index')
@login_required()
def index():
    total_page = 1
    if request.json is None:
        items = User.query.all()
    else:
        page = request.json.get('page')
        page_size = request.json.get('pageSize')

        if page_size is None:
            page_size = 10

        if page is None:
            items = User.query.all()
        else:
            data = User.query.paginate(page=page, per_page=page_size)
            items = data.items
            total_page = data.pages

    datas = []
    for user in items:
        datas.append({'id': user.id, 'username': user.username, 'password': user.password, 'roleid': user.roleid})
    return jsonify(data={'data': datas, 'total_page': total_page}, msg='成功', code=200)


# 添加用户
@user.route('/add', methods=["POST"])
@login_required()
def add():
    # 校验字段
    try:
        result = UserSchema().load(request.json)
    except ValidationError as e:
        return jsonify(data=e.messages, msg='', code=500)

    username = request.json.get('username')
    password = request.json.get('password')
    roleid = request.json.get('roleid')

    # 判断用户名是否重复
    filterData = User.query.filter(User.username == username).all()
    if len(filterData) >= 1:
        return jsonify(data={}, msg='用户名已存在', code=500)

    data = User(username=username, password=hashlib.md5(password.encode()).hexdigest(), roleid=roleid)
    db.session.add(data)
    db.session.commit()
    return jsonify(data={}, msg='成功', code=200)


# 修改用户
@user.route('/edit/<id>', methods=["PUT"])
@login_required()
def edit(id):
    # 校验字段
    try:
        result = UserSchema().load(request.json)
    except ValidationError as e:
        return jsonify(data=e.messages, msg='', code=500)

    username = request.json.get('username')
    password = request.json.get('password')
    roleid = request.json.get('roleid')

    # 判断是否有此用户
    filterData = User.query.filter(User.id == id).all()
    if len(filterData) == 0:
        return jsonify(data={}, msg='没有此用户', code=500)

    oneData = User.query.filter(User.id == id).first()
    oneData.username = username
    oneData.password = hashlib.md5(password.encode()).hexdigest()
    oneData.roleid = roleid
    db.session.commit()

    return jsonify(data={}, msg='成功', code=200)


# 删除用户
@user.route('/delete/<id>', methods=["DELETE"])
@login_required()
def delete(id):
    # 判断是否有此用户
    filterData = User.query.filter(User.id == id).all()
    if len(filterData) == 0:
        return jsonify(data={}, msg='没有此用户', code=500)

    oneData = User.query.filter(User.id == id).first()
    db.session.delete(oneData)
    db.session.commit()

    return jsonify(data={}, msg='成功', code=200)


# 注册
@user.route('/register', methods=["POST"])
def register():
    try:
        result = RegisterSchema().load(request.json)
    except ValidationError as e:
        return jsonify(data=e.messages, msg='', code=500)

    username = request.json.get('username')
    password = request.json.get('password')

    # 判断用户名是否重复
    filterData = User.query.filter(User.username == username).all()
    if len(filterData) > 0:
        return jsonify(data={}, msg='用户名重复', code=500)

    data = User(username=username, password=hashlib.md5(password.encode()).hexdigest(), roleid=1)
    db.session.add(data)
    db.session.commit()

    return jsonify(data={}, msg='成功', code=200)


# 登录
@user.route('/login', methods=["POST"])
def login():
    try:
        result = LoginSchema().load(request.json)
    except ValidationError as e:
        return jsonify(data=e.messages, msg='', code=500)

    username = request.json.get('username')
    password = request.json.get('password')
    code = request.json.get('code').lower()

    # 判断是否有此用户
    filterData = User.query.filter(User.username == username).all()
    if len(filterData) == 0:
        return jsonify(data={}, msg='用户或密码错误', code=500)

    if filterData[0].password != hashlib.md5(password.encode()).hexdigest():
        return jsonify(data={}, msg='用户或密码错误', code=500)

    if code != session.get(code):
        return jsonify(data={}, msg='验证码错误', code=500)

    # 生成token
    token = str(create_token(username))[2:-1]
    vkey = f"token_{username}"
    session[vkey] = token
    return jsonify(data={"username": filterData[0].username, "password": filterData[0].password, "token": token},
                   msg='成功', code=200)


# 退出
@user.route('/logout', methods=["POST"])
@login_required()
def logout():
    try:
        token = request.headers["Authorization"]
        username = verify_token(token)
        if username:
            vkey = f"token_{username['user_code']}"
            session.pop(vkey)
            return jsonify(data={}, msg='退出成功', code=200)
        else:
            return jsonify(data={}, msg='退出失败', code=500)
    except Exception as e:
        return jsonify(data={}, msg='退出失败', code=500)


# 检查token
@user.route('/check_token', methods=["POST"])
@login_required()
def check_token():
    if check_token_auth():
        return jsonify(data=True, msg='', code=200)
    else:
        return jsonify(data=False, msg='', code=401)

web->controller->verificationCode.py

import base64

from flask import Blueprint, jsonify, session
from io import BytesIO
import random
import string
from PIL import Image, ImageFont, ImageDraw

# 创建蓝图
verificationCode = Blueprint('verification', __name__)


# 验证码
@verificationCode.route('/code')
def code():
    code = imageCode().getImgCode()
    return jsonify(data={'code': code}, msg='成功', code=200)


class imageCode():
    # 验证码处理
    def rndColor(self):
        # 随机颜色
        return (random.randint(32, 127), random.randint(32, 127), random.randint(32, 127))

    def geneText(self):
        # 生成4位验证码
        return ''.join(random.sample(string.ascii_letters + string.digits, 4))  # ascii_letters是生成所有字母 digits是生成所有数字0-9

    def drawLines(self, draw, num, width, height):
        # 划线
        for num in range(num):
            x1 = random.randint(0, width / 2)
            y1 = random.randint(0, height / 2)
            x2 = random.randint(0, width)
            y2 = random.randint(height / 2, height)
            draw.line(((x1, y1), (x2, y2)), fill='black', width=1)

    def getVerifyCode(self):
        # 生成验证码图形
        code = self.geneText()
        # 图片大小120×50
        width, height = 120, 50
        # 新图片对象
        im = Image.new('RGB', (width, height), 'white')
        # 字体
        font = ImageFont.truetype('../static/arial.ttf', 40)
        # draw对象
        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
        # 绘制字符串
        for item in range(4):
            draw.text((5 + random.randint(-3, 3) + 23 * item, 5 + random.randint(-3, 3)),
                      text=code[item], fill=self.rndColor(), font=font)
        # 划线
        self.drawLines(draw, 2, width, height)
        return im, code

    def getImgCode(self):
        image, code = self.getVerifyCode()
        # 图片以二进制形式写入
        buf = BytesIO()
        image.save(buf, 'jpeg')
        buf_str = buf.getvalue()
        # 将验证码字符串储存在session中
        session[code.lower()] = code.lower()
        return 'data:image/png;base64,'+str(base64.standard_b64encode(buf_str))[2:-1]

web->model->uploads.py

from web import db


class Upload(db.Model):
    __tablename__ = 'upload'
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    name = db.Column(db.String(50))
    path = db.Column(db.String(100))


def __init__(self, name, path):
    self.name = name
    self.path = path


def __repr__(self):
    return '<Upload %r>' % self.name

web-model->user.py

from web import db


class User(db.Model):
    __tablename__ = 'user'
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    username = db.Column(db.String(20))
    password = db.Column(db.String(50))
    roleid = db.Column(db.Integer)


def __init__(self, username, password, roleid):
    self.username = username
    self.password = password
    self.roleid = roleid


def __repr__(self):
    return '<User %r>' % self.username

web->static->uploads

web->static->arial.ttf

web->templates

web->validator->user.py

from marshmallow import Schema, fields, validate


class UserSchema(Schema):
    username = fields.String(required=True, validate=validate.Length(min=1), error_messages={"required": "用户名必填"})
    password = fields.String(required=True, validate=validate.Length(min=1), error_messages={"required": "密码名必填"})
    roleid = fields.Integer(required=True, error_messages={"required": "角色id必填"})


class RegisterSchema(Schema):
    username = fields.String(required=True, validate=validate.Length(min=1), error_messages={"required": "用户名必填"})
    password = fields.String(required=True, validate=validate.Length(min=1), error_messages={"required": "密码名必填"})


class LoginSchema(Schema):
    username = fields.String(required=True, validate=validate.Length(min=1), error_messages={"required": "用户名必填"})
    password = fields.String(required=True, validate=validate.Length(min=1), error_messages={"required": "密码名必填"})
    code = fields.String(required=True, validate=validate.Length(min=1), error_messages={"required": "验证码必填"})

web->__init__.py

from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy

app = Flask(__name__)

app.config['JSON_AS_ASCII'] = False
app.config.from_object('web.setting')
app.secret_key = '\xca\x0c\x86\x04\x98@\x02b\x1b7\x8c\x88]\x1b\xd7"+\xe6px@\xc3#\\'
db = SQLAlchemy(app, use_native_unicode='utf8')

web->setting.py

import os
basepath = os.path.dirname(__file__)

SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = 'mysql+pymysql://root:123456@localhost:3306/test'
# 'mysql+pymysql://用户名称:密码@localhost:端口/数据库名称'
SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = True

SECRET_KEY = '123456789abcd'
EXCEPTION = 36000

UPLOAD_URL = os.path.join(basepath, 'static\\uploads')

web->token_auth.py

import functools

from flask import request, jsonify, session
from itsdangerous import TimedJSONWebSignatureSerializer as Serializer, SignatureExpired, BadSignature
from web.setting import SECRET_KEY, EXCEPTION


# 生成token, 有效时间为600min
def create_token(user_name, expiration=EXCEPTION):
    # 第一个参数是内部私钥
    # 第二个参数是有效期（秒）
    s = Serializer(SECRET_KEY, expires_in=expiration)
    return s.dumps({'user_code': user_name})


# 解析token
def verify_token(token):
    s = Serializer(SECRET_KEY)
    # token正确
    try:
        data = s.loads(token)
        return data
    # token过期
    except SignatureExpired:
        return None
    # token错误
    except BadSignature:
        return None


# 校验token
def check_token():
    token = request.headers["Authorization"]
    username = verify_token(token)
    if username:
        vkey = f"token_{username['user_code']}"
        if session.get(vkey) is None:
            return False
        else:
            if session.get(vkey) == token:
                return True
            else:
                return False


# 校验装饰器
def login_required():
    def decorator(func):
        @functools.wraps(func)
        def wrapper(*args, **kw):
            try:
                # 在请求头上拿到token
                token = request.headers["Authorization"]
                if not check_token():
                    return jsonify(data={}, msg='登录已过期', code=401)
            except Exception as e:
                # 没接收的到token,给前端抛出错误
                return jsonify(data={}, msg='缺失token', code=500)
            s = Serializer(SECRET_KEY)
            try:
                user = s.loads(token)
            except Exception as e:
                return jsonify(data={}, msg='登录已过期', code=401)
            return func(*args, **kw)

        return wrapper

    return decorator

Pipfile

[[source]]
url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
verify_ssl = true
name = "pypi"

[packages]
flask = "*"
myapplication = "*"
marshmallow = "*"
pillow = "*"

[dev-packages]

[requires]
python_version = "3.8"

Pipfile.lock

{
    "_meta": {
        "hash": {
            "sha256": "1a898e86ceaace252ad2e7f89b4818c9fe5ba390dfa6b50eefe8db7bb383ae9a"
        },
        "pipfile-spec": 6,
        "requires": {
            "python_version": "3.8"
        },
        "sources": [
            {
                "name": "pypi",
                "url": "https://pypi.org/simple",
                "verify_ssl": true
            }
        ]
    },
    "default": {
        "click": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:353f466495adaeb40b6b5f592f9f91cb22372351c84caeb068132442a4518ef3",
                "sha256:410e932b050f5eed773c4cda94de75971c89cdb3155a72a0831139a79e5ecb5b"
            ],
            "markers": "python_version >= '3.6'",
            "version": "==8.0.3"
        },
        "colorama": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:5941b2b48a20143d2267e95b1c2a7603ce057ee39fd88e7329b0c292aa16869b",
                "sha256:9f47eda37229f68eee03b24b9748937c7dc3868f906e8ba69fbcbdd3bc5dc3e2"
            ],
            "markers": "platform_system == 'Windows'",
            "version": "==0.4.4"
        },
        "flask": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:7b2fb8e934ddd50731893bdcdb00fc8c0315916f9fcd50d22c7cc1a95ab634e2",
                "sha256:cb90f62f1d8e4dc4621f52106613488b5ba826b2e1e10a33eac92f723093ab6a"
            ],
            "index": "pypi",
            "version": "==2.0.2"
        },
        "itsdangerous": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:5174094b9637652bdb841a3029700391451bd092ba3db90600dea710ba28e97c",
                "sha256:9e724d68fc22902a1435351f84c3fb8623f303fffcc566a4cb952df8c572cff0"
            ],
            "markers": "python_version >= '3.6'",
            "version": "==2.0.1"
        },
        "jinja2": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:077ce6014f7b40d03b47d1f1ca4b0fc8328a692bd284016f806ed0eaca390ad8",
                "sha256:611bb273cd68f3b993fabdc4064fc858c5b47a973cb5aa7999ec1ba405c87cd7"
            ],
            "markers": "python_version >= '3.6'",
            "version": "==3.0.3"
        },
        "markupsafe": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:01a9b8ea66f1658938f65b93a85ebe8bc016e6769611be228d797c9d998dd298",
                "sha256:023cb26ec21ece8dc3907c0e8320058b2e0cb3c55cf9564da612bc325bed5e64",
                "sha256:0446679737af14f45767963a1a9ef7620189912317d095f2d9ffa183a4d25d2b",
                "sha256:04635854b943835a6ea959e948d19dcd311762c5c0c6e1f0e16ee57022669194",
                "sha256:0717a7390a68be14b8c793ba258e075c6f4ca819f15edfc2a3a027c823718567",
                "sha256:0955295dd5eec6cb6cc2fe1698f4c6d84af2e92de33fbcac4111913cd100a6ff",
                "sha256:0d4b31cc67ab36e3392bbf3862cfbadac3db12bdd8b02a2731f509ed5b829724",
                "sha256:10f82115e21dc0dfec9ab5c0223652f7197feb168c940f3ef61563fc2d6beb74",
                "sha256:168cd0a3642de83558a5153c8bd34f175a9a6e7f6dc6384b9655d2697312a646",
                "sha256:1d609f577dc6e1aa17d746f8bd3c31aa4d258f4070d61b2aa5c4166c1539de35",
                "sha256:1f2ade76b9903f39aa442b4aadd2177decb66525062db244b35d71d0ee8599b6",
                "sha256:20dca64a3ef2d6e4d5d615a3fd418ad3bde77a47ec8a23d984a12b5b4c74491a",
                "sha256:2a7d351cbd8cfeb19ca00de495e224dea7e7d919659c2841bbb7f420ad03e2d6",
                "sha256:2d7d807855b419fc2ed3e631034685db6079889a1f01d5d9dac950f764da3dad",
                "sha256:2ef54abee730b502252bcdf31b10dacb0a416229b72c18b19e24a4509f273d26",
                "sha256:36bc903cbb393720fad60fc28c10de6acf10dc6cc883f3e24ee4012371399a38",
                "sha256:37205cac2a79194e3750b0af2a5720d95f786a55ce7df90c3af697bfa100eaac",
                "sha256:3c112550557578c26af18a1ccc9e090bfe03832ae994343cfdacd287db6a6ae7",
                "sha256:3dd007d54ee88b46be476e293f48c85048603f5f516008bee124ddd891398ed6",
                "sha256:4296f2b1ce8c86a6aea78613c34bb1a672ea0e3de9c6ba08a960efe0b0a09047",
                "sha256:47ab1e7b91c098ab893b828deafa1203de86d0bc6ab587b160f78fe6c4011f75",
                "sha256:49e3ceeabbfb9d66c3aef5af3a60cc43b85c33df25ce03d0031a608b0a8b2e3f",
                "sha256:4dc8f9fb58f7364b63fd9f85013b780ef83c11857ae79f2feda41e270468dd9b",
                "sha256:4efca8f86c54b22348a5467704e3fec767b2db12fc39c6d963168ab1d3fc9135",
                "sha256:53edb4da6925ad13c07b6d26c2a852bd81e364f95301c66e930ab2aef5b5ddd8",
                "sha256:5855f8438a7d1d458206a2466bf82b0f104a3724bf96a1c781ab731e4201731a",
                "sha256:594c67807fb16238b30c44bdf74f36c02cdf22d1c8cda91ef8a0ed8dabf5620a",
                "sha256:5b6d930f030f8ed98e3e6c98ffa0652bdb82601e7a016ec2ab5d7ff23baa78d1",
                "sha256:5bb28c636d87e840583ee3adeb78172efc47c8b26127267f54a9c0ec251d41a9",
                "sha256:60bf42e36abfaf9aff1f50f52644b336d4f0a3fd6d8a60ca0d054ac9f713a864",
                "sha256:611d1ad9a4288cf3e3c16014564df047fe08410e628f89805e475368bd304914",
                "sha256:6300b8454aa6930a24b9618fbb54b5a68135092bc666f7b06901f897fa5c2fee",
                "sha256:63f3268ba69ace99cab4e3e3b5840b03340efed0948ab8f78d2fd87ee5442a4f",
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            ],
            "markers": "python_version >= '3.6'",
            "version": "==2.0.1"
        },
        "marshmallow": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:04438610bc6dadbdddb22a4a55bcc7f6f8099e69580b2e67f5a681933a1f4400",
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            ],
            "index": "pypi",
            "version": "==3.14.1"
        },
        "myapplication": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:ca19555afe8c67247043f912d8b8b1a227e617988aa1ca83baaac8269830e428"
            ],
            "index": "pypi",
            "version": "==0.1.0"
        },
        "pillow": {
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                "sha256:d99ec152570e4196772e7a8e4ba5320d2d27bf22fdf11743dd882936ed64305b",
                "sha256:ddc4d832a0f0b4c52fff973a0d44b6c99839a9d016fe4e6a1cb8f3eea96479c2",
                "sha256:e3dacecfbeec9a33e932f00c6cd7996e62f53ad46fbe677577394aaa90ee419a",
                "sha256:eb9fc393f3c61f9054e1ed26e6fe912c7321af2f41ff49d3f83d05bacf22cc78"
            ],
            "index": "pypi",
            "version": "==8.4.0"
        },
        "werkzeug": {
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:63d3dc1cf60e7b7e35e97fa9861f7397283b75d765afcaefd993d6046899de8f",
                "sha256:aa2bb6fc8dee8d6c504c0ac1e7f5f7dc5810a9903e793b6f715a9f015bdadb9a"
            ],
            "markers": "python_version >= '3.6'",
            "version": "==2.0.2"
        }
    },
    "develop": {}
}

README.md

# 运行
cd 项目

python ./runserver.py

requirements.txt

itsdangerous~=2.0.1
marshmallow~=3.14.1
flask~=2.0.2
Pillow~=8.4.0

runserver.py

from flask import jsonify

from web import app
from web.controller.uploads import uploads
from web.controller.user import user
from web.controller.verificationCode import verificationCode


@app.route('/')
def hello_word():
    return 'Hello World!'


@app.errorhandler(404)
def page_404(error):
    return jsonify(data={}, msg='', code=404)


@app.errorhandler(500)
def page_500(error):
    return jsonify(data={}, msg='', code=500)


app.register_blueprint(user, url_prefix='/user')
app.register_blueprint(verificationCode, url_prefix='/verification')
app.register_blueprint(uploads, url_prefix='/uploads')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

test.sql