Requests的使用
目标： 列举Requests常用的功能，方便查阅。
一. GET请求
1. 基本用法
import requests
r = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
print(type(r))
print(r.status_code)
print(type(r.text))
print(r.text[:100])
print(r.cookies)
运行结果：
<class 'requests.models.Response'>
200
<class 'str'>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charse
<RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]>
2. 携带参数 (params参数)
import requests
data = {
'name': 'germey',
'age': 25
}
r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/get', params=data)
print(r.text)
print(type(r.text))
print(r.json())
print(type(r.json()))
运行结果：返回的是json字符串, 可以直接调用json()转为字典
{
"args": {
"age": "25",
"name": "germey"
},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.22.0",
"X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-620913df-3f5acf216ce4775c03354c66"
},
"origin": "192.168.1.1",
"url": "https://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=25"
}
<class 'str'>
{'args': {'age': '25', 'name': 'germey'}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.22.0', 'X-Amzn-Trace-Id': 'Root=1-620913df-3f5acf216ce4775c03354c66'}, 'origin': '192.168.1.1', 'url': 'https://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=25'}
<class 'dict'>
3. 抓取二进制数据 (图片, 音频, 视频)
import requests
r = requests.get('https://github.com/favicon.ico')
with open('favicon.ico', 'wb') as f:
f.write(r.content)
往文件里写就可以保存二进制数据。
4. 添加请求头 (添加UA, 代理, 防盗链等参数)
import requests
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
}
r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/get', headers=headers)
print(r.text)
运行结果：
{
"args": {},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36",
"X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-62091775-6e03f96c398c288d0537dc48"
},
"origin": "192.168.1.1",
"url": "https://httpbin.org/get"
}
二. POST请求
import requests
data = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '25'}
r = requests.post("https://www.httpbin.org/post", data=data)
print(r.text)
运行结果：form里的参数就是POST提交的参数
{
"args": {},
"data": "",
"files": {},
"form": {
"age": "25",
"name": "germey"
},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Content-Length": "18",
"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
"Host": "www.httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.22.0",
"X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-62091826-3152bf7a1515a77d072a49b8"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "192.168.1.1",
"url": "https://www.httpbin.org/post"
}
三. 响应
1. 获取响应信息
import requests
r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/get')
print(type(r.status_code), r.status_code)
print(type(r.headers), r.headers)
print(type(r.cookies), r.cookies)
print(type(r.url), r.url)
print(type(r.history), r.history)
运行结果：
<class 'int'> 200
<class 'requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict'> {'Date': 'Sun, 13 Feb 2022 14:48:27 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Content-Length': '308', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Server': 'gunicorn/19.9.0', 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*', 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials': 'true'}
<class 'requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar'> <RequestsCookieJar[]>
<class 'str'> https://httpbin.org/get
<class 'list'> []
2. 根据响应状态码执行不同操作
import requests
r = requests.get('https://ssr1.scrape.center/')
exit() if not r.status_code == requests.codes.ok else print('Request Successfully')
运行结果：三元表达式, 语句1 if 条件 else 语句2, 条件为真执行语句1, 条件为假执行语句2
Request Successfully
四. 高级用法
1. 文件上传
import requests
files = {'file': open('favicon.ico', 'rb')}
r = requests.post('https://www.httpbin.org/post', files=files)
print(r.text)
运行结果：file部分就是上传的文件信息, 二进制内容部分省略
{
"args": {},
"data": "",
"files": {
"file": "data:application/octet-stream;base64,AAABAAI..."
},
"form": {},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Content-Length": "6665",
"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=d4f2a858cbaf82294e38dc9d13398861",
"Host": "www.httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.22.0",
"X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-62091be0-0620970e4ce4ad2744525587"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "192.168.1.1",
"url": "https://www.httpbin.org/post"
}
2. Cookie设置
方法一：从响应中拿
import requests
r = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com')
print(r.cookies)
for key, value in r.cookies.items():
print(key + '=' + value)
运行效果：
<RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]>
BDORZ=27315
方法二：从浏览器复制, 放进请求头
import requests
headers = {
"Cookie": "PSTM=1642921828; BAIDUID=5D0366F594005428ED23CD344FFF8AB4:FG=1; BIDUPSID=C513DE1AABFEE265656D91ED68FFD990; BD_UPN=12314753; __yjs_duid=1_28bc45f4f2a7966986384542e284e0061642937695718; BDORZ=B490B5EBF6F3CD402E515D22BCDA1598; delPer=0; BD_CK_SAM=1; PSINO=5; BAIDUID_BFESS=5D0366F594005428ED23CD344FFF8AB4:FG=1; H_PS_645EC=75f2y6ETpxsjOyy%2Fh8Ps97om%2BQzF1lQ85oIBJWVzxjZ7a8PaM7IA2umnH%2Bw; COOKIE_SESSION=6097_1_9_9_0_12_1_0_8_9_3_1_0_0_0_0_0_1644493227_1644763447%7C9%2386341_20_1644493217%7C7; BD_HOME=1; BDUSS=NSdVpwWFAtd1I3YUg0MkNwek5WVEd0SmV1N2FOYkNjZHNPV1VGRVByVVJxekJpSVFBQUFBJCQAAAAAAAAAAAEAAABmANkpQXBwaGFvAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABEeCWIRHgliYz; BDUSS_BFESS=NSdVpwWFAtd1I3YUg0MkNwek5WVEd0SmV1N2FOYkNjZHNPV1VGRVByVVJxekJpSVFBQUFBJCQAAAAAAAAAAAEAAABmANkpQXBwaGFvAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABEeCWIRHgliYz; H_PS_PSSID=35104_31253_35833_35488_34584_35490_35871_35802_35326_26350_35883_35724_35877_35746; sug=3; sugstore=1; ORIGIN=0; bdime=0; BA_HECTOR=a4242h810h2k0005p71h0i7h00q"
}
r = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com/", headers=headers)
print(r.text)
方法三：构造RequestsCookieJar对象
cookies = 'PSTM=1642921828; BAIDUID=5D0366F594005428ED23CD344FFF8AB4:FG=1; BIDUPSID=C513DE1AABFEE265656D91ED68FFD990; BD_UPN=12314753; __yjs_duid=1_28bc45f4f2a7966986384542e284e0061642937695718; BDORZ=B490B5EBF6F3CD402E515D22BCDA1598; delPer=0; BD_CK_SAM=1; PSINO=5; BAIDUID_BFESS=5D0366F594005428ED23CD344FFF8AB4:FG=1; H_PS_645EC=75f2y6ETpxsjOyy%2Fh8Ps97om%2BQzF1lQ85oIBJWVzxjZ7a8PaM7IA2umnH%2Bw; COOKIE_SESSION=6097_1_9_9_0_12_1_0_8_9_3_1_0_0_0_0_0_1644493227_1644763447%7C9%2386341_20_1644493217%7C7; BD_HOME=1; BDUSS=NSdVpwWFAtd1I3YUg0MkNwek5WVEd0SmV1N2FOYkNjZHNPV1VGRVByVVJxekJpSVFBQUFBJCQAAAAAAAAAAAEAAABmANkpQXBwaGFvAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABEeCWIRHgliYz; BDUSS_BFESS=NSdVpwWFAtd1I3YUg0MkNwek5WVEd0SmV1N2FOYkNjZHNPV1VGRVByVVJxekJpSVFBQUFBJCQAAAAAAAAAAAEAAABmANkpQXBwaGFvAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABEeCWIRHgliYz; H_PS_PSSID=35104_31253_35833_35488_34584_35490_35871_35802_35326_26350_35883_35724_35877_35746; sug=3; sugstore=1; ORIGIN=0; bdime=0; BA_HECTOR=a4242h810h2k0005p71h0i7h00q'
jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.116 Safari/537.36'
}
for cookie in cookies.split(';'):
key, value = cookie.split('=', 1)
jar.set(key, value)
r = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com/', cookies=jar, headers=headers)
print(r.text)
3. Session维持
保持登录Cookies
import requests
requests.get('https://www.httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
r = requests.get('https://www.httpbin.org/cookies')
print(r.text)
s = requests.Session()
s.get('https://www.httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
r = s.get('https://www.httpbin.org/cookies')
print(r.text)
运行结果：
{
"cookies": {}
}
{
"cookies": {
"number": "123456789"
}
}
4. SSL证书验证
问题： 有些网站会验证SSL证书, 没有证书文件则不能访问
import requests
response = requests.get('https://ssr2.scrape.center/')
print(response.status_code)
运行结果：报错
requests.exceptions.SSLError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='ssr2.scrape.center', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: / (Caused by SSLError(SSLError("bad handshake: Error([('SSL routines', 'tls_process_server_certificate', 'certificate verify failed')])")))
解决方法： 取消SSL验证
import requests
response = requests.get('https://ssr2.scrape.center/', verify=False)
print(response.status_code)
运行结果：告警, 但是响应码200
C:\Users\Apphao\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\urllib3\connectionpool.py:1004: InsecureRequestWarning: Unverified HTTPS request is being made to host 'ssr2.scrape.center'. Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html#ssl-warnings
InsecureRequestWarning,
200
通过关闭告警信息或捕获告警信息来取消终端告警打印
import requests
from requests.packages import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings()
response = requests.get('https://ssr2.scrape.center/', verify=False)
print(response.status_code)
import logging
import requests
logging.captureWarnings(True)
response = requests.get('https://ssr2.scrape.center/', verify=False)
print(response.status_code)
运行结果：
200
200
也可以指定SSL证书文件
import logging
import requests
r = requests.get('https://ssr2.scrape.center/', cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/server.key'))
print(response.status_code)
5. 超时设置
等待1秒, 超时则抛出异常
import requests
r = requests.get('https://www.httpbin.org/get', timeout=1)
print(r.status_code)
连接服务器等待1秒, 读取服务器等待2秒
import requests
r = requests.get('https://www.httpbin.org/get', timeout=(1,2)
print(r.status_code)
永久等待, 复制None或不加timeout参数
import requests
r = requests.get('https://www.httpbin.org/get', timeout=None)
print(r.status_code)
6. 身份认证
方式一：传递HTTPBasicAuth对象
import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
r = requests.get('https://ssr3.scrape.center/', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
print(r.status_code)
方式二：直接传元组 (方便)
import requests
r = requests.get('https://ssr3.scrape.center/', auth=('admin', 'admin'))
print(r.status_code)
方式三：使用OAuth1模块
import requests
from requests_oauthlib import OAuth1
url = 'https://api.twitter.com/1.1/account/verify_credentials.json'
auth = OAuth1('YOUR_APP_KEY', 'YOUR_APP_SECRET',
'USER_OAUTH_TOKEN', 'USER_OAUTH_TOKEN_SECRET')
r = requests.get(url, auth=auth)
print(r.status_code)
7. 代理设置
import requests
proxies = {
'http': 'http://10.10.10.10:1080',
'https': 'https://10.10.10.10:1080'
}
requests.get('https://httpbin.org/get', proxies=proxies)
8. Prepared Request
requests内部实现, 掌握后可以更细致灵活的控制requests请求
from requests import Request, Session
url = 'https://httpbin.org/post'
data = {'name': 'germey'}
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.116 Safari/537.36'
}
s = Session()
req = Request('POST', url, data=data, headers=headers)
prepped = s.prepare_request(req)
r = s.send(prepped)
print(r.text)
运行效果：和发POST请求一样
{
"args": {},
"data": "",
"files": {},
"form": {
"name": "germey"
},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Content-Length": "11",
"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.116 Safari/537.36",
"X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-62092798-72199d8761a339441af9b39c"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "192.168.1.1",
"url": "https://httpbin.org/post"
}
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