1线性回归
1.1简单线性回归
在简单线性回归中，通过调整a和b的参数值，来拟合从x到y的线性关系。下图为进行拟合所需要优化的目标，也即是MES（Mean Squared Error)，只不过省略了平均的部分（除以m）。
对于简单线性回归，只有两个参数a和b，通过对MSE优化目标求极值（最小二乘法），即可求得最优a和b如下，所以在训练简单线性回归模型时，也只需要根据数据求解这两个参数值即可。
下面使用波士顿房价数据集中，索引为5的特征RM (average number of rooms per dwelling)来进行简单线性回归。其中使用的评价指标为：
# 以sklearn的形式对simple linear regression 算法进行封装
import numpy as np
import sklearn.datasets as datasets
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error,mean_absolute_error
np.random.seed(123)
class SimpleLinearRegression():
def __init__(self):
"""
initialize model parameters
"""
self.a_=None
self.b_=None
def fit(self,x_train,y_train):
"""
training model parameters
Parameters
----------
x_train:train x ,shape:data [N,]
y_train:train y ,shape:data [N,]
"""
assert (x_train.ndim==1 and y_train.ndim==1),\
"""Simple Linear Regression model can only solve single feature training data"""
assert len(x_train)==len(y_train),\
"""the size of x_train must be equal to y_train"""
x_mean=np.mean(x_train)
y_mean=np.mean(y_train)
self.a_=np.vdot((x_train-x_mean),(y_train-y_mean))/np.vdot((x_train-x_mean),(x_train-x_mean))
self.b_=y_mean-self.a_*x_mean
def predict(self,input_x):
"""
make predictions based on a batch of data
Parameters
----------
input_x:shape->[N,]
"""
assert input_x.ndim==1 ,\
"""Simple Linear Regression model can only solve single feature data"""
return np.array([self.pred_(x) for x in input_x])
def pred_(self,x):
"""
give a prediction based on single input x
"""
return self.a_*x+self.b_
def __repr__(self):
return "SimpleLinearRegressionModel"
if __name__ == '__main__':
boston_data = datasets.load_boston()
x = boston_data['data'][:, 5] # total x data (506,)
y = boston_data['target'] # total y data (506,)
# keep data with target value less than 50.
x = x[y < 50] # total x data (490,)
y = y[y < 50] # total x data (490,)
plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.show()
# train size:(343,) test size:(147,)
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(x, y, test_size=0.3)
regs = SimpleLinearRegression()
regs.fit(x_train, y_train)
y_hat = regs.predict(x_test)
rmse = np.sqrt(np.sum((y_hat - y_test) ** 2) / len(x_test))
mse = mean_squared_error(y_test, y_hat)
mae = mean_absolute_error(y_test, y_hat)
# notice
R_squared_Error = 1 - mse / np.var(y_test)
print('mean squared error:%.2f' % (mse))
print('root mean squared error:%.2f' % (rmse))
print('mean absolute error:%.2f' % (mae))
print('R squared Error:%.2f' % (R_squared_Error))
输出结果：
mean squared error:26.74
root mean squared error:5.17
mean absolute error:3.85
R squared Error:0.50
数据的可视化：
1.2 多元线性回归
多元线性回归中，单个x的样本拥有了多个特征，也就是上图中带下标的x。
其结构可以用向量乘法表示出来：
为了便于计算，一般会将x增加一个为1的特征，方便与截距bias计算。
而多元线性回归的优化目标与简单线性回归一致。
通过矩阵求导计算，可以得到方程解，但求解的时间复杂度很高。
下面使用正规方程解的形式，来对波士顿房价的所有特征做多元线性回归。
import numpy as np
from PlayML.metrics import r2_score
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
import sklearn.datasets as datasets
from PlayML.metrics import root_mean_squared_error
np.random.seed(123)
class LinearRegression():
def __init__(self):
self.coef_=None # coeffient
self.intercept_=None # interception
self.theta_=None
def fit_normal(self, x_train, y_train):
"""
use normal equation solution for multiple linear regresion as model parameters
Parameters
----------
theta=(X^T * X)^-1 * X^T * y
"""
assert x_train.shape[0] == y_train.shape[0],\
"""size of the x_train must be equal to y_train """
X_b=np.hstack([np.ones((len(x_train), 1)), x_train])
self.theta_=np.linalg.inv(X_b.T.dot(X_b)).dot(X_b.T).dot(y_train) # (featere,1)
self.coef_=self.theta_[1:]
self.intercept_=self.theta_[0]
def predict(self,x_pred):
"""给定待预测数据集X_predict，返回表示X_predict的结果向量"""
assert self.intercept_ is not None and self.coef_ is not None, \
"must fit before predict!"
assert x_pred.shape[1] == len(self.coef_), \
"the feature number of X_predict must be equal to X_train"
X_b=np.hstack([np.ones((len(x_pred),1)),x_pred])
return X_b.dot(self.theta_)
def score(self,x_test,y_test):
"""
Calculate evaluating indicator socre
Parameters
---------
x_test:x test data
y_test:true label y for x test data
"""
y_pred=self.predict(x_test)
return r2_score(y_test,y_pred)
def __repr__(self):
return "LinearRegression"
if __name__ == '__main__':
# use boston house price dataset for test
boston_data = datasets.load_boston()
x = boston_data['data'] # total x data (506,)
y = boston_data['target'] # total y data (506,)
# keep data with target value less than 50.
x = x[y < 50] # total x data (490,)
y = y[y < 50] # total x data (490,)
# train size:(343,) test size:(147,)
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(x, y, test_size=0.3,random_state=123)
regs = LinearRegression()
regs.fit_normal(x_train, y_train)
# calc error
score=regs.score(x_test,y_test)
rmse=root_mean_squared_error(y_test,regs.predict(x_test))
print('R squared error:%.2f' % (score))
print('Root mean squared error:%.2f' % (rmse))
输出结果：
R squared error:0.79
Root mean squared error:3.36
1.3 使用sklearn中的线性回归模型
import sklearn.datasets as datasets
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
import numpy as np
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from PlayML.metrics import root_mean_squared_error
np.random.seed(123)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# use boston house price dataset
boston_data = datasets.load_boston()
x = boston_data['data'] # total x size (506,)
y = boston_data['target'] # total y size (506,)
# keep data with target value less than 50.
x = x[y < 50] # total x size (490,)
y = y[y < 50] # total x size (490,)
# train size:(343,) test size:(147,)
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(x, y, test_size=0.3, random_state=123)
regs = LinearRegression()
regs.fit(x_train, y_train)
# calc error
score = regs.score(x_test, y_test)
rmse = root_mean_squared_error(y_test, regs.predict(x_test))
print('R squared error:%.2f' % (score))
print('Root mean squared error:%.2f' % (rmse))
print('coeffient:',regs.coef_.shape)
print('interception:',regs.intercept_.shape)
R squared error:0.79
Root mean squared error:3.36
coeffient: (13,)
interception: ()