将图片转为灰度图
import cv2
img=cv2.imread('cat.jpg')
img_gray = cv2.cvtColor(img,cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
img_gray.shape
HSV
H - 色调(主波长)。 S - 饱和度(纯度/颜色的阴影)。 V值(强度)
import cv2
hsv=cv2.cvtColor(img,cv2.COLOR_BGR2HSV)
cv2.imshow("hsv", hsv)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
图像阈值
ret, dst = cv2.threshold(src, thresh, maxval, type) src: 输入图,只能输入单通道图像,通常来说为灰度图
dst: 输出图
thresh: 阈值
maxval: 当像素值超过了阈值(或者小于阈值,根据type来决定),所赋予的值
type:二值化操作的类型,包含以下5种类型: cv2.THRESH_BINARY; cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV; cv2.THRESH_TRUNC; cv2.THRESH_TOZERO;cv2.THRESH_TOZERO_INV
cv2.THRESH_BINARY 超过阈值部分取maxval(最大值),否则取0
cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV THRESH_BINARY的反转
cv2.THRESH_TRUNC 大于阈值部分设为阈值,否则不变
cv2.THRESH_TOZERO 大于阈值部分不改变,否则设为0
cv2.THRESH_TOZERO_INV THRESH_TOZERO的反转
ret, thresh1 = cv2.threshold(img_gray, 127, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
ret, thresh2 = cv2.threshold(img_gray, 127, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV)
ret, thresh3 = cv2.threshold(img_gray, 127, 255, cv2.THRESH_TRUNC)
ret, thresh4 = cv2.threshold(img_gray, 127, 255, cv2.THRESH_TOZERO)
ret, thresh5 = cv2.threshold(img_gray, 127, 255, cv2.THRESH_TOZERO_INV)
titles = ['Original Image', 'BINARY', 'BINARY_INV', 'TRUNC', 'TOZERO', 'TOZERO_INV']
images = [img, thresh1, thresh2, thresh3, thresh4, thresh5]
for i in range(6):
plt.subplot(2, 3, i + 1), plt.imshow(images[i], 'gray')
plt.title(titles[i])
plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
plt.show()
图像平滑
使用均值滤波实现图像平滑
blur = cv2.blur(img, (3, 3))
cv2.imshow('blur', blur)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
使用方框滤波实现图像平滑:
box = cv2.boxFilter(img,-1,(3,3), normalize=True)
cv2.imshow('box', box)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
box = cv2.boxFilter(img,-1,(3,3), normalize=False)
cv2.imshow('box', box)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
使用高斯滤波实现图像平滑:
aussian = cv2.GaussianBlur(img, (5, 5), 1)
cv2.imshow('aussian', aussian)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
使用中值滤波实现图像平滑:
median = cv2.medianBlur(img, 5)
cv2.imshow('median', median)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
使用np将所有处理图片拼接显示:
res = np.hstack((blur,aussian,median))
cv2.imshow('median vs average', res)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
形态学-腐蚀操作
腐蚀操作可以用于去除图像中的毛刺
kernel = np.ones((3,3),np.uint8)
erosion = cv2.erode(img,kernel,iterations = 1)
cv2.imshow('erosion', erosion)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
形态学-膨胀操作
膨胀操作通常与腐蚀操作配合使用
kernel = np.ones((3,3),np.uint8)
dige_erosion = cv2.erode(img,kernel,iterations = 1)
cv2.imshow('erosion', erosion)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
kernel = np.ones((3,3),np.uint8)
dige_dilate = cv2.dilate(dige_erosion,kernel,iterations = 1)
cv2.imshow('dilate', dige_dilate)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
开运算与闭运算
开运算:先腐蚀,再膨胀 闭运算:先膨胀,再腐蚀
img = cv2.imread('dige.png')
kernel = np.ones((5,5),np.uint8)
opening = cv2.morphologyEx(img, cv2.MORPH_OPEN, kernel)
cv2.imshow('opening', opening)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
img = cv2.imread('dige.png')
kernel = np.ones((5,5),np.uint8)
closing = cv2.morphologyEx(img, cv2.MORPH_CLOSE, kernel)
cv2.imshow('closing', closing)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
梯度运算
提取图片边缘信息
pie = cv2.imread('pie.png')
kernel = np.ones((7,7),np.uint8)
dilate = cv2.dilate(pie,kernel,iterations = 5)
erosion = cv2.erode(pie,kernel,iterations = 5)
res = np.hstack((dilate,erosion))
cv2.imshow('res', res)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
gradient = cv2.morphologyEx(pie, cv2.MORPH_GRADIENT, kernel)
cv2.imshow('gradient', gradient)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
礼帽与黑帽
礼帽 = 原始输入-开运算结果 黑帽 = 闭运算-原始输入
img = cv2.imread('dige.png')
tophat = cv2.morphologyEx(img, cv2.MORPH_TOPHAT, kernel)
cv2.imshow('tophat', tophat)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
img = cv2.imread('dige.png')
blackhat = cv2.morphologyEx(img,cv2.MORPH_BLACKHAT, kernel)
cv2.imshow('blackhat ', blackhat )
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
图像梯度处理
通过像素差异提取图片边缘 Sobel算子 Scharr算子 laplacian算子 对于梯度更敏感
检测图像像素梯度变换GX为水平梯度检测,GY为垂直梯度检测。GX与GY相当于前面提到的卷积和。
dst = cv2.Sobel(src, ddepth, dx, dy, ksize)
sobelx = cv2.Sobel(img,cv2.CV_64F,1,0,ksize=3)
sobelx = cv2.convertScaleAbs(sobelx)
cv_show(sobelx,'sobelx')
sobelx = cv2.Sobel(img,cv2.CV_64F,0,1,ksize=3)
sobelx = cv2.convertScaleAbs(sobelx)
cv_show(sobelx,'sobelx')
sobelxy = cv2.addWeighted(sobelx,0.5,sobely,0.5,0)
cv_show(sobelxy,'sobelxy')
不同算子之间的差异
img = cv2.imread('lena.jpg',cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
sobelx = cv2.Sobel(img,cv2.CV_64F,1,0,ksize=3)
sobely = cv2.Sobel(img,cv2.CV_64F,0,1,ksize=3)
sobelx = cv2.convertScaleAbs(sobelx)
sobely = cv2.convertScaleAbs(sobely)
sobelxy = cv2.addWeighted(sobelx,0.5,sobely,0.5,0)
scharrx = cv2.Scharr(img,cv2.CV_64F,1,0)
scharry = cv2.Scharr(img,cv2.CV_64F,0,1)
scharrx = cv2.convertScaleAbs(scharrx)
scharry = cv2.convertScaleAbs(scharry)
scharrxy = cv2.addWeighted(scharrx,0.5,scharry,0.5,0)
laplacian = cv2.Laplacian(img,cv2.CV_64F)
laplacian = cv2.convertScaleAbs(laplacian)
res = np.hstack((sobelxy,scharrxy,laplacian))
cv_show(res,'res')
Canny边缘检测
-
使用高斯滤波器,以平滑图像,滤除噪声。 -
计算图像中每个像素点的梯度强度和方向。 -
应用非极大值(Non-Maximum Suppression)抑制,以消除边缘检测带来的杂散响应。 -
应用双阈值(Double-Threshold)检测来确定真实的和潜在的边缘。 -
通过抑制孤立的弱边缘最终完成边缘检测。
1:高斯滤波器 卷积核为符合高斯分布的数据,主要将图像平滑。 2:梯度和方向 3:非极大值抑制 4:双阈值检测
img=cv2.imread("lena.jpg",cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
v1=cv2.Canny(img,80,150)
v2=cv2.Canny(img,50,100)
res = np.hstack((v1,v2))
cv_show(res,'res')
图像金字塔
高斯金字塔 拉普拉斯金字塔 主要用于特征提取 高斯金字塔:向下采样方法(缩小) 高斯金字塔:向上采样方法(放大)
up=cv2.pyrUp(img)
down=cv2.pyrDown(img)
拉普拉斯金字塔
down=cv2.pyrDown(img)
down_up=cv2.pyrUp(down)
l_1=img-down_up
cv_show(l_1,'l_1')
图像轮廓
cv2.findContours(img,mode,method) mode:轮廓检索模式
RETR_EXTERNAL :只检索最外面的轮廓; RETR_LIST:检索所有的轮廓,并将其保存到一条链表当中; RETR_CCOMP:检索所有的轮廓,并将他们组织为两层:顶层是各部分的外部边界,第二层是空洞的边界; RETR_TREE:检索所有的轮廓,并重构嵌套轮廓的整个层次; method:轮廓逼近方法
CHAIN_APPROX_NONE:以Freeman链码的方式输出轮廓,所有其他方法输出多边形(顶点的序列)。 CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE:压缩水平的、垂直的和斜的部分,也就是,函数只保留他们的终点部分。
img = cv2.imread('contours.png')
gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
ret, thresh = cv2.threshold(gray, 127, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
cv_show(thresh,'thresh')
binary, contours, hierarchy = cv2.findContours(thresh, cv2.RETR_TREE, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_NONE)
draw_img = img.copy()
res = cv2.drawContours(draw_img, contours, -1, (0, 0, 255), 2)
cv_show(res,'res')
轮廓特征
cnt = contours[0]
cv2.contourArea(cnt)
cv2.arcLength(cnt,True)
轮廓近似
epsilon = 0.15*cv2.arcLength(cnt,True)
approx = cv2.approxPolyDP(cnt,epsilon,True)
draw_img = img.copy()
res = cv2.drawContours(draw_img, [approx], -1, (0, 0, 255), 2)
cv_show(res,'res')
img = cv2.imread('contours.png')
gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
ret, thresh = cv2.threshold(gray, 127, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
binary, contours, hierarchy = cv2.findContours(thresh, cv2.RETR_TREE, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_NONE)
cnt = contours[0]
x,y,w,h = cv2.boundingRect(cnt)
img = cv2.rectangle(img,(x,y),(x+w,y+h),(0,255,0),2)
cv_show(img,'img')
(x,y),radius = cv2.minEnclosingCircle(cnt)
center = (int(x),int(y))
radius = int(radius)
img = cv2.circle(img,center,radius,(0,255,0),2)
cv_show(img,'img')
|