1.下载fashion_mnist数据
使用以下三行代码下载fashion mnist数据
from tensorflow import keras
fashion_mnist = keras.datasets.fashion_mnist
(train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = fashion_mnist.load_data()
查看数据信息：
构建网络：
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
fashion_mnist = keras.datasets.fashion_mnist
(train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = fashion_mnist.load_data()
model = keras.Sequential()
model.add(keras.layers.Flatten(input_shape=(28,28)))
model.add(keras.layers.Dense(128,activation=tf.nn.relu))
model.add(keras.layers.Dense(10,activation=tf.nn.softmax))
model.summary()模型参数
Model: "sequential_2"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
=================================================================
flatten_1 (Flatten) (None, 784) 0
_________________________________________________________________
dense_2 (Dense) (None, 128) 100480
_________________________________________________________________
dense_3 (Dense) (None, 10) 1290
=================================================================
Total params: 101,770
Trainable params: 101,770
Non-trainable params: 0
?这是一个全链接的神经网络结构,结构如下：
中间层的参数计算过程为:
784 * 128(weight) + 128(bias) = 100480.
最终层的参数计算过程为：
128 * 10（weight) + 10(bias) = 1290.
?计算结果符合summary方法给出的统计数据。
训练模型
model.compile(optimizer=tf.optimizers.Adam(),loss=tf.losses.sparse_categorical_crossentropy,metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(train_images,train_labels,epochs=50)
Epoch 1/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.5283 - accuracy: 0.8235
Epoch 2/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.5076 - accuracy: 0.8300
Epoch 3/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4954 - accuracy: 0.8316
Epoch 4/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4892 - accuracy: 0.8350
Epoch 5/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4853 - accuracy: 0.8364
Epoch 6/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4847 - accuracy: 0.8388
Epoch 7/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4769 - accuracy: 0.8414
Epoch 8/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4733 - accuracy: 0.8407
Epoch 9/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4796 - accuracy: 0.8410
Epoch 10/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4935 - accuracy: 0.8381: 0s - loss: 0.4940 - accura
Epoch 11/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4756 - accuracy: 0.8408
Epoch 12/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4745 - accuracy: 0.8424
Epoch 13/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4707 - accuracy: 0.8434
Epoch 14/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4693 - accuracy: 0.8434
Epoch 15/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4614 - accuracy: 0.8463
Epoch 16/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4617 - accuracy: 0.8468
Epoch 17/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4481 - accuracy: 0.8492
Epoch 18/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4638 - accuracy: 0.8464
Epoch 19/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4624 - accuracy: 0.8481
Epoch 20/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4500 - accuracy: 0.8501
Epoch 21/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4546 - accuracy: 0.8479
Epoch 22/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4560 - accuracy: 0.8495
Epoch 23/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4552 - accuracy: 0.8490
Epoch 24/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4492 - accuracy: 0.8501
Epoch 25/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4497 - accuracy: 0.8525
Epoch 26/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4489 - accuracy: 0.8495
Epoch 27/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4464 - accuracy: 0.8515
Epoch 28/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4529 - accuracy: 0.8507
Epoch 29/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4495 - accuracy: 0.8526
Epoch 30/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4454 - accuracy: 0.8508
Epoch 31/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4578 - accuracy: 0.8513
Epoch 32/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4434 - accuracy: 0.8534
Epoch 33/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4387 - accuracy: 0.8541
Epoch 34/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4481 - accuracy: 0.8536
Epoch 35/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4448 - accuracy: 0.8536:
Epoch 36/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4459 - accuracy: 0.8540
Epoch 37/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4397 - accuracy: 0.8537
Epoch 38/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4399 - accuracy: 0.8559
Epoch 39/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4528 - accuracy: 0.8530
Epoch 40/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4404 - accuracy: 0.8561
Epoch 41/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4433 - accuracy: 0.8540
Epoch 42/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4354 - accuracy: 0.8555
Epoch 43/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4319 - accuracy: 0.8572
Epoch 44/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4408 - accuracy: 0.8557
Epoch 45/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4708 - accuracy: 0.8440
Epoch 46/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4461 - accuracy: 0.8542
Epoch 47/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4337 - accuracy: 0.8584
Epoch 48/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4346 - accuracy: 0.8577
Epoch 49/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4386 - accuracy: 0.8569
Epoch 50/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4505 - accuracy: 0.8560
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x7f5c3f065430>可以看到，经过50次的训练，正确率在%85左右徘徊 ，中间经过几次周旋倒退，最终总体上还是在正确率上升的轨道上进行，稳定副在%85.6
加入normalization，提升正确率
将数据正则化，转换为[0,1]区间的数据
train_images = train_images/255
model.compile(optimizer=tf.optimizers.Adam(),loss=tf.losses.sparse_categorical_crossentropy,metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(train_images,train_labels,epochs=50)Epoch 1/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 1.0806 - accuracy: 0.6693
Epoch 2/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.6354 - accuracy: 0.7707
Epoch 3/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.5593 - accuracy: 0.8002
Epoch 4/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 3s 1ms/step - loss: 0.5169 - accuracy: 0.8167
Epoch 5/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 3s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4904 - accuracy: 0.8270
Epoch 6/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4709 - accuracy: 0.8342
Epoch 7/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4553 - accuracy: 0.8400
Epoch 8/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4430 - accuracy: 0.8442
Epoch 9/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4333 - accuracy: 0.8471
Epoch 10/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4246 - accuracy: 0.8502
Epoch 11/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4172 - accuracy: 0.8526
Epoch 12/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4102 - accuracy: 0.8553
Epoch 13/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.4045 - accuracy: 0.8586
Epoch 14/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3987 - accuracy: 0.8605
Epoch 15/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 3s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3939 - accuracy: 0.8608
Epoch 16/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3904 - accuracy: 0.8626
Epoch 17/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3858 - accuracy: 0.8647
Epoch 18/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3818 - accuracy: 0.8654
Epoch 19/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3778 - accuracy: 0.8677
Epoch 20/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3745 - accuracy: 0.8683
Epoch 21/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3718 - accuracy: 0.8690
Epoch 22/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 3s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3680 - accuracy: 0.8701
Epoch 23/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3653 - accuracy: 0.8717
Epoch 24/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3620 - accuracy: 0.8724
Epoch 25/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3594 - accuracy: 0.8736
Epoch 26/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3569 - accuracy: 0.8743
Epoch 27/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3543 - accuracy: 0.8750
Epoch 28/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3521 - accuracy: 0.8763
Epoch 29/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3492 - accuracy: 0.8766
Epoch 30/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3467 - accuracy: 0.8773
Epoch 31/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3445 - accuracy: 0.8788
Epoch 32/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3424 - accuracy: 0.8783
Epoch 33/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3403 - accuracy: 0.8801
Epoch 34/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3379 - accuracy: 0.8795
Epoch 35/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3360 - accuracy: 0.8816
Epoch 36/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3338 - accuracy: 0.8817
Epoch 37/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3317 - accuracy: 0.8824
Epoch 38/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3296 - accuracy: 0.8832
Epoch 39/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3271 - accuracy: 0.8837
Epoch 40/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3257 - accuracy: 0.8842
Epoch 41/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3236 - accuracy: 0.8846
Epoch 42/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3211 - accuracy: 0.8864
Epoch 43/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3196 - accuracy: 0.8859
Epoch 44/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3174 - accuracy: 0.8868
Epoch 45/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3162 - accuracy: 0.8874
Epoch 46/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3144 - accuracy: 0.8877
Epoch 47/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3124 - accuracy: 0.8884
Epoch 48/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3108 - accuracy: 0.8894
Epoch 49/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3086 - accuracy: 0.8895
Epoch 50/50
1875/1875 [==============================] - 2s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3074 - accuracy: 0.8897
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x7f5c4011ddc0>可以看到，最终的正确率比正则化之前有所提升。?
利用模型进行推理
test_images_scaled=test_images/255
model.evaluate(test_images_scaled,test_labels)
验证非正则花的参数推理：?
import numpy as np
demo = tf.reshape(test_images[0],(1,28,28))
print(np.argmax(model.predict(demo)))
print(test_labels[0])
如果训练的时候，输入经过了正则化，则推理也需要正则化：
?通过上面几次的训练过程输出的准确率差异我们可以总结出，同一个网络模型，不同的时间进行训练，可以得到完全不同的正确率，这也说明模型本身的复杂性和时变性，至于为何会发生， 模型的大量参数组成一个高维的数据空间，我们用梯度下降法寻找最优解的时候，依赖于初始参数权重和BIAS在高维空间中的位置，不同次的训练过程，初始化参数在空间中的位置不同，优化的方向则不同，最终的最优解也不相同，所以可以看出，模型训练是一个非常复杂的数学计算过程，并且很可能寻找到的最优解是局部最优解，而并非全局最优解。
参考排错：