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前言
文本识别是图像领域的一个常见任务,场景文字识别OCR任务中,需要先检测出图像中文字位置,再对检测出的文字进行识别,文本介绍的CRNN模型可用于后者, 对检测出的文字进行识别。
An End-to-End Trainable Neural Network for Image-Based Sequence Recognition and Its Application to Scene Text Recognition 原论文地址:论文地址
一、CRNN模型介绍
1.模型结构
CRNN模型结合了CNN模型与RNN模型,CNN用于提取图像特征,RNN将CNN提取的特征进行处理得到输出,对应最终的标签。 CRNN包含三层,卷积层,循环层和转录层,由于每张图像中英文单词的长度不一致,但是经过CNN之后提取的特征长度是一定的,所以就需要一个转录层处理,得到最终结果。
该图为模型的大体结构。
输入模型的是一张图像,其shape是(1,32,100) (channel,width,height), 经过一个卷积神经网络之后,其shape变成(512,1,24)(new_channel,new_height,new_width),把channel和height这两个维度合并,合并后shape(512,24),再将这两个维度交换位置,(24,512)(new_width,new_height*new_channel),由于后续需要将提取的特征输入循环神经网络,这个24就相当于是时间步了,24个时间步。输出特征图shape是(24,512)可以理解为,把原图分成24列,每一列用512维的特征向量表示。如下图所示 将24个特征向量输入进循环神经网络,论文中循环神经网络层是两个LSTM堆叠而成的,经过后就得到24个时间步的输出,再经过全连接层以及softmax层得到一个概率矩阵,形状为(T,num_class),T是时间步,num_class是要分类的类别数,是0-9数字以及a-z字母组合,还有一个blank标识符,总共37类。时间步输出是24个,但是图片中字符数不一定都是24,长短不一,经过转录层将其处理。
2.CTCLoss
如果使用传统的loss function,需要对齐训练样本,有24个时间步,就需要有24个对应的标签,在该任务中显然不合适,除非可以把图片中的每一个字符都单独检测出来,一个字符对应一个标签,则需要很强大的文字检测算法,CTCLoss不需要对齐样本。
还是24个时间步得到24个标签,再进行一个β变换,才得到最终标签。24个时间步可以看作原图中分成24列,每一列输出一个标签,有时一个字母占据好几列,例如字母S占据三列,则这三列输出类别都应该是S,有的列没有字母,则输出空白类别,可以这么理解。得到最终类别时将连续重复的字符去重(空白符两侧的相同字符不去重,因为真实标签中可能存在连续重复字符,例如green,中的两个连续的e不应该去重,则生成标签的时候就该是类似e-e这种,则不会去重),最终去除空白符即可得到最终标签。 β变换定义如下
β
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\beta :L^{'T} →L^{<=T}
β:L′T→L<=T T代表时间步,长度,由于对连续重复字符去重,则处理后的长度一定小于T 举几个β变换的例子,空白用-表示
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\beta(--sstaaat-ee)=state
β(??sstaaat?ee)=state
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\beta(--s-tt-a-t-e)=state
β(??s?tt?a?t?e)=state
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\beta(-s-st-aat-e)=sstate
β(?s?st?aat?e)=sstate
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\beta(-s-tta-tt-ee)=state
β(?s?tta?tt?ee)=state
可以看出若想要输出state,不止一条路径可以实现输出state. 经过LSTM后的结果需要送入转录层处理,设LSTM的输出标签序列为x,输出标签为l的概率为:
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p(l|x)=\sum_{\pi \in \beta ^{-}(l) }p(\pi |x)
p(l∣x)=π∈β?(l)∑?p(π∣x)
π
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\pi \in \beta ^{-}(l)
π∈β?(l)表示经过β变换后为l的路径集合
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对于每一条路径
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p(\pi |x)=\prod_{t=1}^{T}y_{\pi ^{t}}^{t }
p(π∣x)=t=1∏T?yπtt?
y
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y_{\pi ^{t}}^{t }
yπtt?表示该路径第t个时间步取得该标签的一个概率,连乘起来就是取得该路径的概率。 CTCLoss的优化目标是使得
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p(l|x)=\sum_{\pi \in \beta ^{-}(l) }p(\pi |x)
p(l∣x)=∑π∈β?(l)?p(π∣x)最大,所以
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loss=-p(l|x)=\sum_{\pi \in \beta ^{-}(l) }p(\pi |x)
loss=?p(l∣x)=∑π∈β?(l)?p(π∣x),使得该loss最小化,来更新前面lstm以及cnn的参数,由于CTCLoss计算有些复杂,暂不讨论。Pytorch中提供了CTCLoss的计算接口,我们直接使用即可。
from torch.nn import CTCLoss
beam search
训练阶段使用CTCLoss更新参数,测试阶段如果使用暴力解法,算出每条路径的一个概率,最终取最大概率的一个路径,时间复杂度非常大,如果有37个类别,序列长度是24,那么路径总和是
3
7
24
37^{24}
3724,这只是一个样本的路径数 。所以就需要用到beam search来优化计算过程。
计算过程如图所示,现在第一个时间步中找到概率最大的三(可以自由设置)个标签,以这三个最大概率的标签为基础再往后搜索,在第二步会在第一步的概率基础上(需要以第一步的三个标签的概率乘以后面的标签概率)搜索出九个标签,在这九个标签中取三个最大的 ,继续往后搜索,以此类推,在经过最后一个时间步后会得到三条路径,取概率最大的那条,在经过CTC decode即可得到最终label。
二、使用pytorch实现crnn
数据集
将好几个数据集合并并做了相关处理,得到八千多张图片 只在这里展示关键部分代码 代码以及数据集在https://gitee.com/yuhailong143/crnn dataset.py
import os
import torch
from torch.utils.data import Dataset
from PIL import Image
import numpy as np
class Synth90kDataset(Dataset):
CHARS = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
CHAR2LABEL = {char: i + 1 for i, char in enumerate(CHARS)}
LABEL2CHAR = {label: char for char, label in CHAR2LABEL.items()}
def __init__(self, root_dir=None,image_dir = None, mode=None, file_names=None, img_height=32, img_width=100):
if mode == "train":
file_names, texts = self._load_from_raw_files(root_dir, mode)
else:
texts = None
self.root_dir = root_dir
self.image_dir = image_dir
self.file_names = file_names
self.texts = texts
self.img_height = img_height
self.img_width = img_width
def _load_from_raw_files(self, root_dir, mode):
paths_file = None
if mode == 'train':
paths_file = 'train.txt'
elif mode == 'test':
paths_file = 'test.txt'
file_names = []
texts = []
with open(os.path.join(root_dir, paths_file), 'r') as fr:
for line in fr.readlines():
file_name, ext = line.strip().split('.')
text = file_name.split('_')[-1].lower()
file_names.append(file_name + "." + ext)
texts.append(text)
return file_names, texts
def __len__(self):
return len(self.file_names)
def __getitem__(self, index):
file_name = self.file_names[index]
file_path = os.path.join(self.image_dir,file_name)
image = Image.open(file_path).convert('L')
image = image.resize((self.img_width, self.img_height), resample=Image.BILINEAR)
image = np.array(image)
image = image.reshape((1, self.img_height, self.img_width))
image = (image / 127.5) - 1.0
image = torch.FloatTensor(image)
if self.texts:
text = self.texts[index]
target = [self.CHAR2LABEL[c] for c in text]
target_length = [len(target)]
target = torch.LongTensor(target)
target_length = torch.LongTensor(target_length)
return image, target, target_length
else:
return image
def synth90k_collate_fn(batch):
images, targets, target_lengths = zip(*batch)
images = torch.stack(images, 0)
targets = torch.cat(targets, 0)
target_lengths = torch.cat(target_lengths, 0)
return images, targets, target_lengths
if __name__ == '__main__':
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from config import train_config as config
img_width = config['img_width']
img_height = config['img_height']
data_dir = config['data_dir']
train_batch_size = config['train_batch_size']
cpu_workers = config['cpu_workers']
train_dataset = Synth90kDataset(root_dir=data_dir, mode='train',
img_height=img_height, img_width=img_width)
train_loader = DataLoader(
dataset=train_dataset,
batch_size=train_batch_size,
shuffle=True,
num_workers=cpu_workers,
collate_fn=synth90k_collate_fn)
model.py
import torch.nn as nn
class CRNN(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, img_channel, img_height, img_width, num_class,
map_to_seq_hidden=64, rnn_hidden=256, leaky_relu=False):
super(CRNN, self).__init__()
self.cnn, (output_channel, output_height, output_width) = \
self._cnn_backbone(img_channel, img_height, img_width, leaky_relu)
self.map_to_seq = nn.Linear(output_channel * output_height, map_to_seq_hidden)
self.rnn1 = nn.LSTM(map_to_seq_hidden, rnn_hidden, bidirectional=True)
self.rnn2 = nn.LSTM(2 * rnn_hidden, rnn_hidden, bidirectional=True)
self.dense = nn.Linear(2 * rnn_hidden, num_class)
def _cnn_backbone(self, img_channel, img_height, img_width, leaky_relu):
assert img_height % 16 == 0
assert img_width % 4 == 0
channels = [img_channel, 64, 128, 256, 256, 512, 512, 512]
kernel_sizes = [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2]
strides = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
paddings = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0]
cnn = nn.Sequential()
def conv_relu(i, batch_norm=False):
input_channel = channels[i]
output_channel = channels[i+1]
cnn.add_module(
f'conv{i}',
nn.Conv2d(input_channel, output_channel, kernel_sizes[i], strides[i], paddings[i])
)
if batch_norm:
cnn.add_module(f'batchnorm{i}', nn.BatchNorm2d(output_channel))
relu = nn.LeakyReLU(0.2, inplace=True) if leaky_relu else nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
cnn.add_module(f'relu{i}', relu)
conv_relu(0)
cnn.add_module('pooling0', nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2))
conv_relu(1)
cnn.add_module('pooling1', nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2))
conv_relu(2)
conv_relu(3)
cnn.add_module(
'pooling2',
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=(2, 1))
)
conv_relu(4, batch_norm=True)
conv_relu(5, batch_norm=True)
cnn.add_module(
'pooling3',
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=(2, 1))
)
conv_relu(6)
output_channel, output_height, output_width = \
channels[-1], img_height // 16 - 1, img_width // 4 - 1
return cnn, (output_channel, output_height, output_width)
def forward(self, images):
conv = self.cnn(images)
batch, channel, height, width = conv.size()
conv = conv.view(batch, channel * height, width)
conv = conv.permute(2, 0, 1)
seq = self.map_to_seq(conv)
recurrent, _ = self.rnn1(seq)
recurrent, _ = self.rnn2(recurrent)
output = self.dense(recurrent)
return output
train.py
import os
import cv2
import torch
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
import torch.optim as optim
from torch.nn import CTCLoss
from dataset import Synth90kDataset, synth90k_collate_fn
from model import CRNN
from evaluate import evaluate
from config import train_config as config
def train_batch(crnn, data, optimizer, criterion, device):
crnn.train()
images, targets, target_lengths = [d.to(device) for d in data]
logits = crnn(images)
log_probs = torch.nn.functional.log_softmax(logits, dim=2)
batch_size = images.size(0)
input_lengths = torch.LongTensor([logits.size(0)] * batch_size)
target_lengths = torch.flatten(target_lengths)
loss = criterion(log_probs, targets, input_lengths, target_lengths)
optimizer.zero_grad()
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
return loss.item()
def main():
epochs = config['epochs']
train_batch_size = config['train_batch_size']
lr = config['lr']
show_interval = config['show_interval']
valid_interval = config['valid_interval']
save_interval = config['save_interval']
cpu_workers = config['cpu_workers']
reload_checkpoint = config['reload_checkpoint']
img_width = config['img_width']
img_height = config['img_height']
data_dir = config['data_dir']
device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')
print(f'device: {device}')
train_dataset = Synth90kDataset(root_dir=data_dir,image_dir='../data/images', mode='train',
img_height=img_height, img_width=img_width)
train_loader = DataLoader(
dataset=train_dataset,
batch_size=train_batch_size,
shuffle=True,
num_workers=cpu_workers,
collate_fn=synth90k_collate_fn)
num_class = len(Synth90kDataset.LABEL2CHAR) + 1
crnn = CRNN(1, img_height, img_width, num_class,
map_to_seq_hidden=config['map_to_seq_hidden'],
rnn_hidden=config['rnn_hidden'],
leaky_relu=config['leaky_relu'])
if reload_checkpoint:
crnn.load_state_dict(torch.load(reload_checkpoint, map_location=device))
crnn.to(device)
optimizer = optim.RMSprop(crnn.parameters(), lr=lr)
criterion = CTCLoss(reduction='sum')
criterion.to(device)
assert save_interval % valid_interval == 0 or valid_interval % save_interval ==0
i = 1
for epoch in range(1, epochs + 1):
print(f'epoch: {epoch}')
tot_train_loss = 0.
tot_train_count = 0
for train_data in train_loader:
loss = train_batch(crnn, train_data, optimizer, criterion, device)
train_size = train_data[0].size(0)
tot_train_loss += loss
tot_train_count += train_size
if i % show_interval == 0:
print('train_batch_loss[', i, ']: ', loss / train_size)
if i % save_interval == 0:
save_model_path = os.path.join(config["checkpoints_dir"],"crnn.pt")
torch.save(crnn.state_dict(), save_model_path)
print('save model at ', save_model_path)
i += 1
print('train_loss: ', tot_train_loss / tot_train_count)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
识别效果还算可以
测试效果
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