回归与分类的差别,回归是解决一个连续问题,估计一个连续值,如房价预测 而分类则是解决一个离散问题
常见的损失函数
该函数作为损失函数可看到在临近导数为0时,即y与y’接近时,其变化(参数更新)幅度越小,这有可能导致我们的参数更新太剧烈,因此我们也可以采用下面这种绝对值函数作为我们的损失函数的方法 绝对值函数的梯度一直为常数,即变化是稳定的,但他也有缺点,即它在0处不可导,因此在0处取值波动大 这种是吸取了上面两者损失函数的优缺点后改进的函数
图片分类数据集
import torch
from d2l import torch as d2l
import torchvision
from torch.utils import data
from torchvision import transforms
d2l.use_svg_display()
trans = transforms.ToTensor()
mnist_train = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="./data",
train=True,
transform=trans,
download=True
)
mnist_test = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="./data", train=False, transform=trans, download=True)
print(mnist_test,mnist_train)
def get_fashion_mnist_labels(labels):
"""返回Fashion-MNIST数据集的文本标签"""
text_labels = ['t-shirt', 'trouser', 'pullover', 'dress', 'coat',
'sandal', 'shirt', 'sneaker', 'bag', 'ankle boot']
return [text_labels[int(i)] for i in labels]
def show_images(imgs, num_rows, num_cols, titles=None, scale=1.5):
"""绘制图像列表"""
figsize = (num_cols * scale, num_rows * scale)
_, axes = d2l.plt.subplots(num_rows, num_cols, figsize=figsize)
axes = axes.flatten()
for i, (ax, img) in enumerate(zip(axes, imgs)):
if torch.is_tensor(img):
ax.imshow(img.numpy())
else:
ax.imshow(img)
ax.axes.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
ax.axes.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
if titles:
ax.set_title(titles[i])
return axes
如果要展示这些图片还需要引入PIL
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
X, y = next(iter(data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size=18)))
plt.axes=show_images(X.reshape(18, 28, 28), 2, 9, titles=get_fashion_mnist_labels(y))
plt.show()
读取小批量
为了使我们在读取训练集和测试集时更容易,我们使用内置的数据迭代器,而不是从零开始创建。 回顾一下,在每次迭代中,数据加载器每次都会读取一小批量数据,大小为batch_size。 通过内置数据迭代器,我们可以随机打乱了所有样本,从而无偏见地读取小批量。
batch_size = 256
def get_dataloader_workers():
"""使用4个进程来读取数据"""
return 2
train_iter = data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size, shuffle=True,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers())
timer = d2l.Timer()
for X, y in train_iter:
continue
print(f'{timer.stop():.2f} sec')
将上面的所有代码进行封装以复用
def load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=None):
"""下载Fashion-MNIST数据集,然后将其加载到内存中"""
trans = [transforms.ToTensor()]
if resize:
trans.insert(0, transforms.Resize(resize))
trans = transforms.Compose(trans)
mnist_train = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="../data", train=True, transform=trans, download=True)
mnist_test = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="../data", train=False, transform=trans, download=True)
return (data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size, shuffle=True,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()),
data.DataLoader(mnist_test, batch_size, shuffle=False,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()))
Softmax 从0开始实现
读取数据集
import torch
from IPython import display
from d2l import torch as d2l
batch_size = 256
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size)
初始化模型参数
softmax的输入是一个向量,原始数据集中的每个样本都是的图像。 在本节中,我们将展平每个图像,把它们看作长度为784的向量,偏置将构成一个1*10的行向量。 与线性回归一样,我们将使用正态分布初始化我们的权重W,偏置初始化为0。
import torch
from IPython import display
from d2l import torch as d2l
batch_size = 256
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size)
num_inputs = 784
num_outputs = 10
W = torch.normal(0, 0.01, size=(num_inputs, num_outputs), requires_grad=True)
b = torch.zeros(num_outputs, requires_grad=True)
SoftMax实现
def softmax(X):
X_exp = torch.exp(X)
partition = X_exp.sum(1, keepdim=True)
return X_exp / partition
测试一下 该函数返回从单独的正态分布中提取的随机数的张量,该正态分布的均值是mean,标准差是std。 用法如下:我们从一个标准正态分布N~(0,1),提取一个2x5的矩阵
torch.normal(mean=0.,std=1.,size=(2,2))
X = torch.normal(0, 1, (2, 5))
X_prob = softmax(X)
print(X_prob, X_prob.sum(1))
和为1
定义模型
def net(X):
return softmax(torch.matmul(X.reshape((-1, W.shape[0])), W) + b)
定义损失函数
交叉熵 采用真实标签的预测概率的负对数似然。 这里我们不使用Python的for循环迭代预测(这往往是低效的), 而是通过一个运算符选择所有元素。 下面,我们创建一个数据样本y_hat,其中包含2个样本在3个类别的预测概率, 以及它们对应的标签y。 有了y,我们知道在第一个样本中,第一类是正确的预测; 而在第二个样本中,第三类是正确的预测。 然后使用y作为y_hat中概率的索引, 我们选择第一个样本中第一个类的概率和第二个样本中第三个类的概率。
y = torch.tensor([0, 2])
y_hat = torch.tensor([[0.1, 0.3, 0.6], [0.3, 0.2, 0.5]])
y_hat[[0, 1], y]
交叉熵损失函数
def cross_entropy(y_hat, y):
return - torch.log(y_hat[range(len(y_hat)), y])
cross_entropy(y_hat, y)
完整代码
import torch
from IPython import display
from d2l import torch as d2l
batch_size = 256
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size)
num_inputs = 784
num_outputs = 10
W = torch.normal(0, 0.01, size=(num_inputs, num_outputs), requires_grad=True)
b = torch.zeros(num_outputs, requires_grad=True)
def softmax(X):
X_exp = torch.exp(X)
partition = X_exp.sum(1, keepdim=True)
return X_exp / partition
X = torch.normal(0, 1, (2, 5))
X_prob = softmax(X)
print(X_prob, X_prob.sum(1))
def net(X):
return softmax(torch.matmul(X.reshape((-1, W.shape[0])), W) + b)
y = torch.tensor([0, 2])
y_hat = torch.tensor([[0.1, 0.3, 0.6], [0.3, 0.2, 0.5]])
y_hat[[0, 1], y]
def cross_entropy(y_hat, y):
return - torch.log(y_hat[range(len(y_hat)), y])
cross_entropy(y_hat, y)
def accuracy(y_hat, y):
"""计算预测正确的数量"""
if len(y_hat.shape) > 1 and y_hat.shape[1] > 1:
y_hat = y_hat.argmax(axis=1)
cmp = y_hat.type(y.dtype) == y
return float(cmp.type(y.dtype).sum())
def evaluate_accuracy(net, data_iter):
"""计算在指定数据集上模型的精度"""
if isinstance(net, torch.nn.Module):
net.eval()
metric = Accumulator(2)
with torch.no_grad():
for X, y in data_iter:
metric.add(accuracy(net(X), y), y.numel())
return metric[0] / metric[1]
class Accumulator:
"""在n个变量上累加"""
def __init__(self, n):
self.data = [0.0] * n
def add(self, *args):
self.data = [a + float(b) for a, b in zip(self.data, args)]
def reset(self):
self.data = [0.0] * len(self.data)
def __getitem__(self, idx):
return self.data[idx]
print(evaluate_accuracy(net, test_iter))
def train_epoch_ch3(net, train_iter, loss, updater):
"""训练模型一个迭代周期(定义见第3章)"""
if isinstance(net, torch.nn.Module):
net.train()
metric = Accumulator(3)
for X, y in train_iter:
y_hat = net(X)
l = loss(y_hat, y)
if isinstance(updater, torch.optim.Optimizer):
updater.zero_grad()
l.mean().backward()
updater.step()
else:
l.sum().backward()
updater(X.shape[0])
metric.add(float(l.sum()), accuracy(y_hat, y), y.numel())
return metric[0] / metric[2], metric[1] / metric[2]
class Animator:
"""在动画中绘制数据"""
def __init__(self, xlabel=None, ylabel=None, legend=None, xlim=None,
ylim=None, xscale='linear', yscale='linear',
fmts=('-', 'm--', 'g-.', 'r:'), nrows=1, ncols=1,
figsize=(3.5, 2.5)):
if legend is None:
legend = []
d2l.use_svg_display()
self.fig, self.axes = d2l.plt.subplots(nrows, ncols, figsize=figsize)
if nrows * ncols == 1:
self.axes = [self.axes, ]
self.config_axes = lambda: d2l.set_axes(
self.axes[0], xlabel, ylabel, xlim, ylim, xscale, yscale, legend)
self.X, self.Y, self.fmts = None, None, fmts
def add(self, x, y):
if not hasattr(y, "__len__"):
y = [y]
n = len(y)
if not hasattr(x, "__len__"):
x = [x] * n
if not self.X:
self.X = [[] for _ in range(n)]
if not self.Y:
self.Y = [[] for _ in range(n)]
for i, (a, b) in enumerate(zip(x, y)):
if a is not None and b is not None:
self.X[i].append(a)
self.Y[i].append(b)
self.axes[0].cla()
for x, y, fmt in zip(self.X, self.Y, self.fmts):
self.axes[0].plot(x, y, fmt)
self.config_axes()
display.display(self.fig)
display.clear_output(wait=True)
def train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, updater):
"""训练模型(定义见第3章)"""
animator = Animator(xlabel='epoch', xlim=[1, num_epochs], ylim=[0.3, 0.9],
legend=['train loss', 'train acc', 'test acc'])
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
train_metrics = train_epoch_ch3(net, train_iter, loss, updater)
test_acc = evaluate_accuracy(net, test_iter)
animator.add(epoch + 1, train_metrics + (test_acc,))
train_loss, train_acc = train_metrics
assert train_loss < 0.5, train_loss
assert train_acc <= 1 and train_acc > 0.7, train_acc
assert test_acc <= 1 and test_acc > 0.7, test_acc
lr = 0.1
def updater(batch_size):
return d2l.sgd([W, b], lr, batch_size)
num_epochs = 10
train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, cross_entropy, num_epochs, updater)
def predict_ch3(net, test_iter, n=6):
"""预测标签(定义见第3章)"""
for X, y in test_iter:
break
trues = d2l.get_fashion_mnist_labels(y)
preds = d2l.get_fashion_mnist_labels(net(X).argmax(axis=1))
titles = [true +'\n' + pred for true, pred in zip(trues, preds)]
d2l.show_images(
X[0:n].reshape((n, 28, 28)), 1, n, titles=titles[0:n])
predict_ch3(net, test_iter)
SoftMax简易实现
import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l
batch_size = 256
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size)
net = nn.Sequential(nn.Flatten(), nn.Linear(784, 10))
def init_weights(m):
if type(m) == nn.Linear:
nn.init.normal_(m.weight, std=0.01)
net.apply(init_weights)
loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss(reduction='none')
trainer = torch.optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.1)
num_epochs = 10
from matplotlib import pyplot as pil
pil.axes=d2l.train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, trainer)
pil.show()
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