[人工智能]MNIST手写数字识别 —— Lenet-5首个商用级别卷积神经网络

????????MNIST数据集之所以成为深度学习入门的数据集，是因为LeNet-5网络的诞生，该网络的手写数字识别效果能达到商用水平，是第一个真正意义上达到商用的深度神经网络，广泛应用于手写支票的识别。

????????卷积神经网络多应用于图像分类任务中，其采用分层的结构对图片进行特征提取，由一系列的网络层堆叠而成，比如卷积层、池化层、激活层等等。

本案例将使用Lenet-5来实现手写数字识别。

1. 加载并处理数据集

????????由于卷积神经网络训练时对显存的要求更大，无法将整个数字识别的6万个样本一次性载入训练，因此需要分批加载训练集进行训练。

import os
import sys
import moxing as mox

datasets_dir = '../datasets'
if not os.path.exists(datasets_dir):
    os.makedirs(datasets_dir)
    
if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(datasets_dir, 'MNIST_Data.zip')):
    mox.file.copy('obs://modelarts-labs-bj4-v2/course/hwc_edu/python_module_framework/datasets/mindspore_data/MNIST_Data.zip', 
                  os.path.join(datasets_dir, 'MNIST_Data.zip'))
    os.system('cd %s; unzip MNIST_Data.zip' % (datasets_dir))
    
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(os.getcwd(), '../datasets/MNIST_Data'))
from load_data_all import load_data_all
from process_dataset import process_dataset

mnist_ds_train, mnist_ds_test, train_len, test_len = load_data_all(datasets_dir)  # 加载数据集
mnist_ds_train = process_dataset(mnist_ds_train, batch_size= 32, resize= 32)  # 处理训练集，分批加载
mnist_ds_test = process_dataset(mnist_ds_test, batch_size= 32, resize= 32)  # 处理测试集，分批加载

训练集规模：60000，测试集规模：10000?

?

2. 构建LeNet-5网络和评价函数

????????LeNet-5有5层网络，分别是卷积层1、卷积层2、全连接层1、全连接层2、全连接层3，网络结构如下图所示：?

import mindspore
import mindspore.nn as nn
import mindspore.ops as ops
from mindspore.common.initializer import Normal

class Network(nn.Cell):
    """Lenet network structure."""
    # define the operator required
    def __init__(self, num_class=10, num_channel=1):
        super(Network, self).__init__()
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(num_channel, 6, 5, pad_mode='valid')  
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 5, pad_mode='valid')  
        self.fc1 = nn.Dense(16 * 5 * 5, 120, weight_init=Normal(0.02))
        self.fc2 = nn.Dense(120, 84, weight_init=Normal(0.02))
        self.fc3 = nn.Dense(84, num_class, weight_init=Normal(0.02))
        self.relu = nn.ReLU()
        self.max_pool2d = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2)
        self.flatten = nn.Flatten()  # 输入到全连接层之前需要将16个5*5大小的特性矩阵拉成一个一维向量

    # use the preceding operators to construct networks
    def construct(self, x):
        x = self.max_pool2d(self.relu(self.conv1(x)))
        x = self.max_pool2d(self.relu(self.conv2(x)))
        x = self.flatten(x)
        x = self.relu(self.fc1(x))
        x = self.relu(self.fc2(x))
        x = self.fc3(x)
        return x
    
def evaluate(pred_y, true_y): 
    pred_labels = ops.Argmax(output_type=mindspore.int32)(pred_y)
    correct_num = (pred_labels == true_y).asnumpy().sum().item()
    return correct_num

3. 定义交叉熵损失函数和优化器

# 损失函数
net_loss = nn.SoftmaxCrossEntropyWithLogits(sparse=True, reduction='mean')

# 创建网络
network = Network(28*28)  
lr = 0.01
momentum = 0.9

# 优化器
net_opt = nn.Momentum(network.trainable_params(), lr, momentum)

4. 实现训练函数

def train(network, mnist_ds_train, max_epochs= 50):
    net = WithLossCell(network, net_loss)
    net = TrainOneStepCell(net, net_opt)
    network.set_train()
    for epoch in range(1, max_epochs + 1):
        train_correct_num = 0.0
        test_correct_num = 0.0
        for inputs_train in mnist_ds_train:
            output = net(*inputs_train)
            train_x = inputs_train[0]
            train_y = inputs_train[1]
            pred_y_train = network.construct(train_x)  # 前向传播
            train_correct_num += evaluate(pred_y_train, train_y)
        train_acc = float(train_correct_num) / train_len

        for inputs_test in mnist_ds_test:
            test_x = inputs_test[0]
            test_y = inputs_test[1]
            pred_y_test = network.construct(test_x)
            test_correct_num += evaluate(pred_y_test, test_y)
        test_acc = float(test_correct_num) / test_len
        if (epoch == 1) or (epoch % 10 == 0):
            print("epoch: {0}/{1}, train_losses: {2:.4f}, tain_acc: {3:.4f}, test_acc: {4:.4f}".format(epoch, max_epochs, output.asnumpy(), train_acc, test_acc, cflush=True))

?5. 配置运行信息

from mindspore import context
context.set_context(mode=context.GRAPH_MODE, device_target="GPU")  # device_target 可选 CPU/GPU, 当选择GPU时mindspore规格也需要切换到GPU

6. 开始训练

训练50个epoch，耗时约11分钟

import time
from mindspore.nn import WithLossCell, TrainOneStepCell

max_epochs = 50
start_time = time.time()
print("*"*10 + "开始训练" + "*"*10)
train(network, mnist_ds_train, max_epochs= max_epochs)
print("*"*10 + "训练完成" + "*"*10)
cost_time = round(time.time() - start_time, 1)
print("训练总耗时： %.1f s" % cost_time)

**********开始训练**********

epoch: 1/50, train_losses: 2.3162, tain_acc: 0.1095, test_acc: 0.1027

epoch: 10/50, train_losses: 0.0008, tain_acc: 0.9942, test_acc: 0.9846

epoch: 20/50, train_losses: 0.0001, tain_acc: 0.9984, test_acc: 0.9832

epoch: 30/50, train_losses: 0.1701, tain_acc: 0.9996, test_acc: 0.9839

epoch: 40/50, train_losses: 0.0000, tain_acc: 1.0000, test_acc: 0.9861

epoch: 50/50, train_losses: 0.0000, tain_acc: 1.0000, test_acc: 0.9864

**********训练完成**********

训练总耗时： 686.4 s?

可以看到，使用LeNet-5网络训练11分钟，50个epoch后，测试准确率达到98.6%?