递归查询语法
WITH cte_name AS (
cte_query_initial --初始化部分
UNION ALL
cte_query_iterative --递归部分
)
SELECT * FROM cte_name;关键字WITH表示定义递归形式的通用表表达式（即递归CTE）。
递归CTE的定义包含两部分：
1.cte_query_initial是初始化查询语句，用于创建初始结果集；
2.cte_query_iterative是递归查询语句，可以对当前CTE进行自我引用。每一次递归查询语句执行的结果都会再次作为输入，传递给下一次查询。如果递归查询无法从上一次迭代中返回更多的数据，将会终止递归。
最后，UNION ALL运算符用于合并这两个结果集。
递归的使用示例
1.通过递归生成一个1～10的数字序列：
WITH t(n) AS (
SELECT 1 FROM dual
UNION ALL
SELECT n+1 FROM t WHERE n < 10
)
SELECT * FROM t;其中，WITH或者WITH RECURSIVE表示定义递归形式的CTE。该语句的执行过程如下：
（1）首先运行初始化语句，生成数字1。
（2）第1次运行递归部分，此时n等于1，生成数字2（n+1）。
（3）第2次运行递归部分，此时n等于2，生成数字3。
（4）继续运行递归部分，直到n等于9，生成数字10。
（5）第10次运行递归部分，此时n等于10。由于不满足查询条件（WHERE n < 10），不返回任何结果，同时终止递归。
（6）最后，主查询语句返回t中的全部数据，也就是一个1～10的数字序列。
查询返回的结果如下：
从该示例中可以看出，递归查询非常适用于生成具有某种规律的数字序列。
2.遍历层次结构
员工表（employee）中存储了员工的各种信息，包括员工编号、姓名以及员工经理的编号。该公司的组织结构如下图所示。其中“刘备”没有上级，他的经理字段manager为空。
以下查询利用递归生成一个组织结构图，显示每个员工从上到下的管理路径：
WITH employee_path(emp_id,emp_name,path) AS
(
SELECT
e.emp_id,
e.emp_name,
e.emp_name AS path
FROM employee e
WHERE e.manager IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT
e.emp_id,
e.emp_name,
ep.path || ' -> ' || e.emp_name
FROM employee_path ep
JOIN employee e ON ep.emp_id = e.manager
)
SELECT emp_name AS "员工姓名",path AS "管理路径"
FROM employee_path order by emp_id;
其中，employee_path是一个递归查询。UNION ALL前面的初始化部分用于查找上级经理为空的员工，也就是“刘备”。path字段用于保存从上到下的管理路径。
然后第一次执行递归部分，将初始化的结果集（employee_path）与员工表进行连接查询，并找出“刘备”的所有直接下属。
|| 用于将之前的管理路径拼接上当前员工的姓名，生成新的管理路径。第一次执行递归部分之后的结果如下：
查询继续执行递归部分，不断返回其他员工的下级员工，直到不再返回新的员工为止。查询最终返回的查询结果如下：
递归的终止
般而言，递归的定义中需要包含一个终止递归的条件。否则的话，递归将会进入死循环。
例如，将示例1的WHERE条件去掉，就会报异常，提示递归语句检测到死循环：
?
另外，限制递归次数的终止条件必须写在WITH的定义中，而不能通过主查询实现。
例如下面这种写法也是错误的：
?
由于主查询语句中的WHERE条件并不会对WIHT查询产生影响，因此以上语句仍然会返回错误。
总结：
递归形式的通用表表达式可以用于遍历具有层次结构或者树状结构的数据，例如遍历组织结构、查询地铁线路图。
示例表和脚本：
--员工信息表
CREATE TABLE employee
( emp_id NUMBER
, emp_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL
, sex VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL
, dept_id INTEGER NOT NULL
, manager INTEGER
, hire_date DATE NOT NULL
, job_id INTEGER NOT NULL
, salary NUMERIC(8,2) NOT NULL
, bonus NUMERIC(8,2)
, email VARCHAR2(100) NOT NULL
, comments VARCHAR2(500)
, create_by VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL
, create_ts TIMESTAMP NOT NULL
, update_by VARCHAR2(50)
, update_ts TIMESTAMP
) ;
COMMENT ON TABLE employee IS '员工信息表';
COMMENT ON COLUMN employee.emp_id IS '员工编号，自增主键';
COMMENT ON COLUMN employee.emp_name IS '员工姓名';
COMMENT ON COLUMN employee.sex IS '性别';
COMMENT ON COLUMN employee.dept_id IS '部门编号';
COMMENT ON COLUMN employee.manager IS '上级经理';
COMMENT ON COLUMN employee.hire_date IS '入职日期';
COMMENT ON COLUMN employee.job_id IS '职位编号';
COMMENT ON COLUMN employee.salary IS '月薪';
COMMENT ON COLUMN employee.bonus IS '年终奖金';
COMMENT ON COLUMN employee.email IS '电子邮箱';
COMMENT ON COLUMN employee.comments IS '备注信息';
COMMENT ON COLUMN employee.create_by IS '创建者';
COMMENT ON COLUMN employee.create_ts IS '创建时间';
COMMENT ON COLUMN employee.update_by IS '修改者';
COMMENT ON COLUMN employee.update_ts IS '修改时间';
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (1,'刘备', '男', 1, NULL, DATE '2000-01-01', 1, 30000, 10000, 'liubei@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2000-01-01 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (2,'关羽', '男', 1, 1, DATE '2000-01-01', 2, 26000, 10000, 'guanyu@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2000-01-01 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (3,'张飞', '男', 1, 1, DATE '2000-01-01', 2, 24000, 10000, 'zhangfei@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2000-01-01 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (4,'诸葛亮', '男', 2, 1, DATE '2006-03-15', 3, 24000, 8000, 'zhugeliang@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2006-03-15 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (5,'黄忠', '男', 2, 4, DATE '2008-10-25', 4, 8000, NULL, 'huangzhong@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2008-10-25 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (6,'魏延', '男', 2, 4, DATE '2007-04-01', 4, 7500, NULL, 'weiyan@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2007-04-01 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (7,'孙尚香', '女', 3, 1, DATE '2002-08-08', 5, 12000, 5000, 'sunshangxiang@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2002-08-08 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (8,'孙丫鬟', '女', 3, 7, DATE '2002-08-08', 6, 6000, NULL, 'sunyahuan@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2002-08-08 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (9,'赵云', '男', 4, 1, DATE '2005-12-19', 7, 15000, 6000, 'zhaoyun@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2005-12-19 10:00:00', 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2006-12-31 10:00:00');
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (10,'廖化', '男', 4, 9, DATE '2009-02-17', 8, 6500, NULL, 'liaohua@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2009-02-17 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (11,'关平', '男', 4, 9, DATE '2011-07-24', 8, 6800, NULL, 'guanping@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2011-07-24 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (12,'赵氏', '女', 4, 9, DATE '2011-11-10', 8, 6600, NULL, 'zhaoshi@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2011-11-10 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (13,'关兴', '男', 4, 9, DATE '2011-07-30', 8, 7000, NULL, 'guanxing@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2011-07-30 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (14,'张苞', '男', 4, 9, DATE '2012-05-31', 8, 6500, NULL, 'zhangbao@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2012-05-31 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (15,'赵统', '男', 4, 9, DATE '2012-05-03', 8, 6000, NULL, 'zhaotong@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2012-05-03 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (16,'周仓', '男', 4, 9, DATE '2010-02-20', 8, 8000, NULL, 'zhoucang@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2010-02-20 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (17,'马岱', '男', 4, 9, DATE '2014-09-16', 8, 5800, NULL, 'madai@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2014-09-16 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (18,'法正', '男', 5, 2, DATE '2017-04-09', 9, 10000, 5000, 'fazheng@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2017-04-09 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (19,'庞统', '男', 5, 18, DATE '2017-06-06', 10, 4100, 2000, 'pangtong@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2017-06-06 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (20,'蒋琬', '男', 5, 18, DATE '2018-01-28', 10, 4000, 1500, 'jiangwan@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2018-01-28 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (21,'黄权', '男', 5, 18, DATE '2018-03-14', 10, 4200, NULL, 'huangquan@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2018-03-14 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (22,'糜竺', '男', 5, 18, DATE '2018-03-27', 10, 4300, NULL, 'mizhu@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2018-03-27 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (23,'邓芝', '男', 5, 18, DATE '2018-11-11', 10, 4000, NULL, 'dengzhi@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2018-11-11 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (24,'简雍', '男', 5, 18, DATE '2019-05-11', 10, 4800, NULL, 'jianyong@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2019-05-11 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO employee(EMP_ID,emp_name, sex, dept_id, manager, hire_date, job_id, salary, bonus, email, comments, create_by, create_ts, update_by, update_ts) VALUES (25,'孙乾', '男', 5, 18, DATE '2018-10-09', 10, 4700, NULL, 'sunqian@shuguo.com', NULL, 'Admin', TIMESTAMP '2018-10-09 10:00:00', NULL, NULL);
