问题示例

activity_main.xml中有一个Button和ImageView

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    tools:context=".MainActivity">

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/gitPic"
        android:text="加载图片"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
    <ImageView
        android:id="@+id/showPic"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
</LinearLayout>

MainActivity通过Button加载图片

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        Button gitPicBtn = findViewById(R.id.gitPic);
        ImageView showPic = findViewById(R.id.showPic);
        gitPicBtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                showPic.setImageResource(R.drawable.test);
            }
        });
    }
}

测试图片为14.2M（可用Ps增加分辨率生成大图），点击加载按钮后报错
在这里插入图片描述

解决办法

使用BitmapFactory.decodeResource()解析图片
BitmapFactory.Options的公有属性inSampleSize为图片设置缩放比例，等于2则为1/2
BitmapFactory.Options的公有属性inJustDecodeBounds为true表示不将图片加载到内存（就不会报错）
先根据控件大小和图片大小计算图片缩放比再加载图片

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        Button gitPicBtn = findViewById(R.id.gitPic);
        gitPicBtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                loadBigImage();
            }
        });
    }

    public void loadBigImage() {
        ImageView imageView = this.findViewById(R.id.showPic);
        BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options();
        options.inJustDecodeBounds = true;
        BitmapFactory.decodeResource(getResources(), R.drawable.test, options);
        
        int width = options.outWidth;
        int height = options.outHeight;
        int measuredWidth = imageView.getMeasuredWidth();
        int measuredHeight = imageView.getMeasuredHeight();
        int sampleSize;
        if (width < measuredWidth || height < measuredHeight) {
            sampleSize = 1;
        } else {
            int scaleX = width / measuredWidth;
            int scaleY = height / measuredHeight;
            sampleSize = Math.max(scaleX, scaleY);
        }
        
        options.inSampleSize = sampleSize;
        options.inJustDecodeBounds = false;
        Bitmap bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeResource(getResources(), R.drawable.test, options);
        imageView.setImageBitmap(bitmap);
    }
}