任务的创建
Freertos 的任务创建难点
1）堆栈生长的方向
2）64字节的对齐
3）任务堆栈初始化
Freertos 的任务使用任务控制块来进行管理，是对任务的抽象。任务本身就是一段可执行的代码，存储在嵌入式设备的只读存储器上。为了让操作系统的调度器方便管理，把这段代码在逻辑上分割为一个任务。
Freertos 中对于任务控制块的定义
typedef struct tskTaskControlBlock /* The old naming convention is used to prevent breaking kernel aware debuggers. */
{
volatile StackType_t * pxTopOfStack; /*< Points to the location of the last item placed on the tasks stack. THIS MUST BE THE FIRST MEMBER OF THE TCB STRUCT. */
#if ( portUSING_MPU_WRAPPERS == 1 )
xMPU_SETTINGS xMPUSettings; /*< The MPU settings are defined as part of the port layer. THIS MUST BE THE SECOND MEMBER OF THE TCB STRUCT. */
#endif
ListItem_t xStateListItem; /*< The list that the state list item of a task is reference from denotes the state of that task (Ready, Blocked, Suspended ). */
ListItem_t xEventListItem; /*< Used to reference a task from an event list. */
UBaseType_t uxPriority; /*< The priority of the task. 0 is the lowest priority. */
StackType_t * pxStack; /*< Points to the start of the stack. */
char pcTaskName[ configMAX_TASK_NAME_LEN ]; /*< Descriptive name given to the task when created. Facilitates debugging only. */ /*lint !e971 Unqualified char types are allowed for strings and single characters only. */
#if ( ( portSTACK_GROWTH > 0 ) || ( configRECORD_STACK_HIGH_ADDRESS == 1 ) )
StackType_t * pxEndOfStack; /*< Points to the highest valid address for the stack. */
#endif
#if ( portCRITICAL_NESTING_IN_TCB == 1 )
UBaseType_t uxCriticalNesting; /*< Holds the critical section nesting depth for ports that do not maintain their own count in the port layer. */
#endif
#if ( configUSE_TRACE_FACILITY == 1 )
UBaseType_t uxTCBNumber; /*< Stores a number that increments each time a TCB is created. It allows debuggers to determine when a task has been deleted and then recreated. */
UBaseType_t uxTaskNumber; /*< Stores a number specifically for use by third party trace code. */
#endif
#if ( configUSE_MUTEXES == 1 )
UBaseType_t uxBasePriority; /*< The priority last assigned to the task - used by the priority inheritance mechanism. */
UBaseType_t uxMutexesHeld;
#endif
#if ( configUSE_APPLICATION_TASK_TAG == 1 )
TaskHookFunction_t pxTaskTag;
#endif
#if ( configNUM_THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE_POINTERS > 0 )
void * pvThreadLocalStoragePointers[ configNUM_THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE_POINTERS ];
#endif
#if ( configGENERATE_RUN_TIME_STATS == 1 )
configRUN_TIME_COUNTER_TYPE ulRunTimeCounter; /*< Stores the amount of time the task has spent in the Running state. */
#endif
#if ( configUSE_NEWLIB_REENTRANT == 1 )
/* Allocate a Newlib reent structure that is specific to this task.
* Note Newlib support has been included by popular demand, but is not
* used by the FreeRTOS maintainers themselves. FreeRTOS is not
* responsible for resulting newlib operation. User must be familiar with
* newlib and must provide system-wide implementations of the necessary
* stubs. Be warned that (at the time of writing) the current newlib design
* implements a system-wide malloc() that must be provided with locks.
*
* See the third party link http://www.nadler.com/embedded/newlibAndFreeRTOS.html
* for additional information. */
struct _reent xNewLib_reent;
#endif
#if ( configUSE_TASK_NOTIFICATIONS == 1 )
volatile uint32_t ulNotifiedValue[ configTASK_NOTIFICATION_ARRAY_ENTRIES ];
volatile uint8_t ucNotifyState[ configTASK_NOTIFICATION_ARRAY_ENTRIES ];
#endif
/* See the comments in FreeRTOS.h with the definition of
* tskSTATIC_AND_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATION_POSSIBLE. */
#if ( tskSTATIC_AND_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATION_POSSIBLE != 0 ) /*lint !e731 !e9029 Macro has been consolidated for readability reasons. */
uint8_t ucStaticallyAllocated; /*< Set to pdTRUE if the task is a statically allocated to ensure no attempt is made to free the memory. */
#endif
#if ( INCLUDE_xTaskAbortDelay == 1 )
uint8_t ucDelayAborted;
#endif
#if ( configUSE_POSIX_ERRNO == 1 )
int iTaskErrno;
#endif
} tskTCB;
很长的代码很多成员变量。这里讨论任务必须的部分
每个成员的含义代码中有详细的解释，需要强调的是pxStack代表的堆栈的起始地址，就是定义的时候。那个数组的首地址，代表堆栈空间通过他找到堆栈空间。
pxTopOfStack 表示栈顶，就是下一个写入栈的位置。
初始化
TaskHandle_t xTaskCreateStatic( TaskFunction_t pxTaskCode,
const char * const pcName, /*lint !e971 Unqualified char types are allowed for strings and single characters only. */
const uint32_t ulStackDepth,
void * const pvParameters,
UBaseType_t uxPriority,
StackType_t * const puxStackBuffer,
StaticTask_t * const pxTaskBuffer )
{
TCB_t * pxNewTCB;
TaskHandle_t xReturn;
configASSERT( puxStackBuffer != NULL );
configASSERT( pxTaskBuffer != NULL );
#if ( configASSERT_DEFINED == 1 )
{
/* Sanity check that the size of the structure used to declare a
* variable of type StaticTask_t equals the size of the real task
* structure. */
volatile size_t xSize = sizeof( StaticTask_t );
configASSERT( xSize == sizeof( TCB_t ) );
( void ) xSize; /* Prevent lint warning when configASSERT() is not used. */
}
#endif /* configASSERT_DEFINED */
if( ( pxTaskBuffer != NULL ) && ( puxStackBuffer != NULL ) )
{
/* The memory used for the task's TCB and stack are passed into this
* function - use them. */
pxNewTCB = ( TCB_t * ) pxTaskBuffer; /*lint !e740 !e9087 Unusual cast is ok as the structures are designed to have the same alignment, and the size is checked by an assert. */
pxNewTCB->pxStack = ( StackType_t * ) puxStackBuffer;
#if ( tskSTATIC_AND_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATION_POSSIBLE != 0 ) /*lint !e731 !e9029 Macro has been consolidated for readability reasons. */
{
/* Tasks can be created statically or dynamically, so note this
* task was created statically in case the task is later deleted. */
pxNewTCB->ucStaticallyAllocated = tskSTATICALLY_ALLOCATED_STACK_AND_TCB;
}
#endif /* tskSTATIC_AND_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATION_POSSIBLE */
prvInitialiseNewTask( pxTaskCode, pcName, ulStackDepth, pvParameters, uxPriority, &xReturn, pxNewTCB, NULL );
prvAddNewTaskToReadyList( pxNewTCB );
}
else
{
xReturn = NULL;
}
return xReturn;
}
#endif /* SUPPORT_STATIC_ALLOCATION */
请看下图
动态初始化和静态初始化，所谓动静是指栈空间的创建。
初始化的部分目前看还比较单纯，传入参数赋值到对应的TCB结构体中。
重要的部分代码如下
/*-----------------------------------------------------------*/
static void prvInitialiseNewTask( TaskFunction_t pxTaskCode,
const char * const pcName, /*lint !e971 Unqualified char types are allowed for strings and single characters only. */
const uint32_t ulStackDepth,
void * const pvParameters,
UBaseType_t uxPriority,
TaskHandle_t * const pxCreatedTask,
TCB_t * pxNewTCB,
const MemoryRegion_t * const xRegions )
{
StackType_t * pxTopOfStack;
UBaseType_t x;
#if ( portUSING_MPU_WRAPPERS == 1 )
/* Should the task be created in privileged mode? */
BaseType_t xRunPrivileged;
if( ( uxPriority & portPRIVILEGE_BIT ) != 0U )
{
xRunPrivileged = pdTRUE;
}
else
{
xRunPrivileged = pdFALSE;
}
uxPriority &= ~portPRIVILEGE_BIT;
#endif /* portUSING_MPU_WRAPPERS == 1 */
/* Avoid dependency on memset() if it is not required. */
#if ( tskSET_NEW_STACKS_TO_KNOWN_VALUE == 1 )
{
/* Fill the stack with a known value to assist debugging. */
( void ) memset( pxNewTCB->pxStack, ( int ) tskSTACK_FILL_BYTE, ( size_t ) ulStackDepth * sizeof( StackType_t ) );
}
#endif /* tskSET_NEW_STACKS_TO_KNOWN_VALUE */
/* Calculate the top of stack address. This depends on whether the stack
* grows from high memory to low (as per the 80x86) or vice versa.
* portSTACK_GROWTH is used to make the result positive or negative as required
* by the port. */
#if ( portSTACK_GROWTH < 0 )
{
pxTopOfStack = &( pxNewTCB->pxStack[ ulStackDepth - ( uint32_t ) 1 ] );
pxTopOfStack = ( StackType_t * ) ( ( ( portPOINTER_SIZE_TYPE ) pxTopOfStack ) & ( ~( ( portPOINTER_SIZE_TYPE ) portBYTE_ALIGNMENT_MASK ) ) ); /*lint !e923 !e9033 !e9078 MISRA exception. Avoiding casts between pointers and integers is not practical. Size differences accounted for using portPOINTER_SIZE_TYPE type. Checked by assert(). */
/* Check the alignment of the calculated top of stack is correct. */
configASSERT( ( ( ( portPOINTER_SIZE_TYPE ) pxTopOfStack & ( portPOINTER_SIZE_TYPE ) portBYTE_ALIGNMENT_MASK ) == 0UL ) );
#if ( configRECORD_STACK_HIGH_ADDRESS == 1 )
{
/* Also record the stack's high address, which may assist
* debugging. */
pxNewTCB->pxEndOfStack = pxTopOfStack;
}
#endif /* configRECORD_STACK_HIGH_ADDRESS */
}
#else /* portSTACK_GROWTH */
{
pxTopOfStack = pxNewTCB->pxStack;
/* Check the alignment of the stack buffer is correct. */
configASSERT( ( ( ( portPOINTER_SIZE_TYPE ) pxNewTCB->pxStack & ( portPOINTER_SIZE_TYPE ) portBYTE_ALIGNMENT_MASK ) == 0UL ) );
/* The other extreme of the stack space is required if stack checking is
* performed. */
pxNewTCB->pxEndOfStack = pxNewTCB->pxStack + ( ulStackDepth - ( uint32_t ) 1 );
}
#endif /* portSTACK_GROWTH */
/* Store the task name in the TCB. */
if( pcName != NULL )
{
for( x = ( UBaseType_t ) 0; x < ( UBaseType_t ) configMAX_TASK_NAME_LEN; x++ )
{
pxNewTCB->pcTaskName[ x ] = pcName[ x ];
/* Don't copy all configMAX_TASK_NAME_LEN if the string is shorter than
* configMAX_TASK_NAME_LEN characters just in case the memory after the
* string is not accessible (extremely unlikely). */
if( pcName[ x ] == ( char ) 0x00 )
{
break;
}
else
{
mtCOVERAGE_TEST_MARKER();
}
}
/* Ensure the name string is terminated in the case that the string length
* was greater or equal to configMAX_TASK_NAME_LEN. */
pxNewTCB->pcTaskName[ configMAX_TASK_NAME_LEN - 1 ] = '\0';
}
else
{
/* The task has not been given a name, so just ensure there is a NULL
* terminator when it is read out. */
pxNewTCB->pcTaskName[ 0 ] = 0x00;
}
/* This is used as an array index so must ensure it's not too large. */
configASSERT( uxPriority < configMAX_PRIORITIES );
if( uxPriority >= ( UBaseType_t ) configMAX_PRIORITIES )
{
uxPriority = ( UBaseType_t ) configMAX_PRIORITIES - ( UBaseType_t ) 1U;
}
else
{
mtCOVERAGE_TEST_MARKER();
}
pxNewTCB->uxPriority = uxPriority;
#if ( configUSE_MUTEXES == 1 )
{
pxNewTCB->uxBasePriority = uxPriority;
pxNewTCB->uxMutexesHeld = 0;
}
#endif /* configUSE_MUTEXES */
vListInitialiseItem( &( pxNewTCB->xStateListItem ) );
vListInitialiseItem( &( pxNewTCB->xEventListItem ) );
/* Set the pxNewTCB as a link back from the ListItem_t. This is so we can get
* back to the containing TCB from a generic item in a list. */
listSET_LIST_ITEM_OWNER( &( pxNewTCB->xStateListItem ), pxNewTCB );
/* Event lists are always in priority order. */
listSET_LIST_ITEM_VALUE( &( pxNewTCB->xEventListItem ), ( TickType_t ) configMAX_PRIORITIES - ( TickType_t ) uxPriority ); /*lint !e961 MISRA exception as the casts are only redundant for some ports. */
listSET_LIST_ITEM_OWNER( &( pxNewTCB->xEventListItem ), pxNewTCB );
#if ( portCRITICAL_NESTING_IN_TCB == 1 )
{
pxNewTCB->uxCriticalNesting = ( UBaseType_t ) 0U;
}
#endif /* portCRITICAL_NESTING_IN_TCB */
#if ( configUSE_APPLICATION_TASK_TAG == 1 )
{
pxNewTCB->pxTaskTag = NULL;
}
#endif /* configUSE_APPLICATION_TASK_TAG */
#if ( configGENERATE_RUN_TIME_STATS == 1 )
{
pxNewTCB->ulRunTimeCounter = ( configRUN_TIME_COUNTER_TYPE ) 0;
}
#endif /* configGENERATE_RUN_TIME_STATS */
#if ( portUSING_MPU_WRAPPERS == 1 )
{
vPortStoreTaskMPUSettings( &( pxNewTCB->xMPUSettings ), xRegions, pxNewTCB->pxStack, ulStackDepth );
}
#else
{
/* Avoid compiler warning about unreferenced parameter. */
( void ) xRegions;
}
#endif
#if ( configNUM_THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE_POINTERS != 0 )
{
memset( ( void * ) &( pxNewTCB->pvThreadLocalStoragePointers[ 0 ] ), 0x00, sizeof( pxNewTCB->pvThreadLocalStoragePointers ) );
}
#endif
#if ( configUSE_TASK_NOTIFICATIONS == 1 )
{
memset( ( void * ) &( pxNewTCB->ulNotifiedValue[ 0 ] ), 0x00, sizeof( pxNewTCB->ulNotifiedValue ) );
memset( ( void * ) &( pxNewTCB->ucNotifyState[ 0 ] ), 0x00, sizeof( pxNewTCB->ucNotifyState ) );
}
#endif
#if ( configUSE_NEWLIB_REENTRANT == 1 )
{
/* Initialise this task's Newlib reent structure.
* See the third party link http://www.nadler.com/embedded/newlibAndFreeRTOS.html
* for additional information. */
_REENT_INIT_PTR( ( &( pxNewTCB->xNewLib_reent ) ) );
}
#endif
#if ( INCLUDE_xTaskAbortDelay == 1 )
{
pxNewTCB->ucDelayAborted = pdFALSE;
}
#endif
/* Initialize the TCB stack to look as if the task was already running,
* but had been interrupted by the scheduler. The return address is set
* to the start of the task function. Once the stack has been initialised
* the top of stack variable is updated. */
#if ( portUSING_MPU_WRAPPERS == 1 )
{
/* If the port has capability to detect stack overflow,
* pass the stack end address to the stack initialization
* function as well. */
#if ( portHAS_STACK_OVERFLOW_CHECKING == 1 )
{
#if ( portSTACK_GROWTH < 0 )
{
pxNewTCB->pxTopOfStack = pxPortInitialiseStack( pxTopOfStack, pxNewTCB->pxStack, pxTaskCode, pvParameters, xRunPrivileged );
}
#else /* portSTACK_GROWTH */
{
pxNewTCB->pxTopOfStack = pxPortInitialiseStack( pxTopOfStack, pxNewTCB->pxEndOfStack, pxTaskCode, pvParameters, xRunPrivileged );
}
#endif /* portSTACK_GROWTH */
}
#else /* portHAS_STACK_OVERFLOW_CHECKING */
{
pxNewTCB->pxTopOfStack = pxPortInitialiseStack( pxTopOfStack, pxTaskCode, pvParameters, xRunPrivileged );
}
#endif /* portHAS_STACK_OVERFLOW_CHECKING */
}
#else /* portUSING_MPU_WRAPPERS */
{
/* If the port has capability to detect stack overflow,
* pass the stack end address to the stack initialization
* function as well. */
#if ( portHAS_STACK_OVERFLOW_CHECKING == 1 )
{
#if ( portSTACK_GROWTH < 0 )
{
pxNewTCB->pxTopOfStack = pxPortInitialiseStack( pxTopOfStack, pxNewTCB->pxStack, pxTaskCode, pvParameters );
}
#else /* portSTACK_GROWTH */
{
pxNewTCB->pxTopOfStack = pxPortInitialiseStack( pxTopOfStack, pxNewTCB->pxEndOfStack, pxTaskCode, pvParameters );
}
#endif /* portSTACK_GROWTH */
}
#else /* portHAS_STACK_OVERFLOW_CHECKING */
{
pxNewTCB->pxTopOfStack = pxPortInitialiseStack( pxTopOfStack, pxTaskCode, pvParameters );
}
#endif /* portHAS_STACK_OVERFLOW_CHECKING */
}
#endif /* portUSING_MPU_WRAPPERS */
if( pxCreatedTask != NULL )
{
/* Pass the handle out in an anonymous way. The handle can be used to
* change the created task's priority, delete the created task, etc.*/
*pxCreatedTask = ( TaskHandle_t ) pxNewTCB;
}
else
{
mtCOVERAGE_TEST_MARKER();
}
}
堆栈方向的理解
‘push’ 指令之后， sp (stack pointer)寄存器数值变大了，就是‘向上(高地址)长’；
反之，‘push’ 指令之后， sp (stack pointer)寄存器数值变小了，就是‘向下(低地址)长’。
上图标注了，不同的堆栈生长方向情况下，堆栈指针的初始化情况。
堆栈的初始化
模拟一次堆栈入栈，是个时候任务函数指针终于排上用场。被填入到PC寄存器对应的栈位。
下一次正常做上下文切换的入栈时，任务函数的地址就会推入PC指针，任务得以开始启动。
字节对齐
可以理解为，处理器数据总线的宽度，如果地址按照字节的单次变动小于宽度，那么指针不会移动。所以确保指针能有效移动，需要进行对齐。N*length 1>=1 就可以有效移动指针。
总结
任务的初始化，包含两部分
1.用户设定的各种数据进行装填，归总到TCB上
2.对任务内存空间初始化主要是栈的初始化
模拟一次任务的入栈是程序第一次得以运行的保证