接口自动化测试介绍
1.接口自动化测试
1.1概念
接口测试：是对系统或组件之间的接口进行测试，主要是校验数据的交换、传递和控制管理过程，以及相互逻辑依赖关系。
自动化测试：是把人为驱动的测试行为转化为机器执行的一种过程。
接口自动化测试：是让程序或工具代替人工自动的完成对接口进行测试的一种过程。
1.2实现方式
- 使用接口测试工具，比如：postman、jmeter
- 通过编写代码来实现
1.3接口测试工具的不足
- 测试数据不好控制
- 不方便测试加密接口
requests
https://docs.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/#requests-http
1.什么是requests库
1.1介绍
Requests是用python语言基于urllib编写的，采用的是Apache2 Licensed开源协议的HTTP库，Requests它会比urllib更加方便，可以节约我们大量的工作。
2.方法
def request(method, url, **kwargs):
"""Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
:param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object: ``GET``, ``OPTIONS``, ``HEAD``, ``POST``, ``PUT``, ``PATCH``, or ``DELETE``.
:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
:param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
:param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
:param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
:param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
:param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
:param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
to add for the file.
:param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
:param timeout: (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data
before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
:type timeout: float or tuple
:param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to ``True``.
:type allow_redirects: bool
:param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
:param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``.
:param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
:param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
:return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
:rtype: requests.Response
Usage::
>>> import requests
>>> req = requests.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
>>> req
<Response [200]>
"""
with sessions.Session() as session:
return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
class Response(object):
"""The :class:`Response <Response>` object, which contains a
server's response to an HTTP request.
"""
__attrs__ = [
'_content', 'status_code', 'headers', 'url', 'history',
'encoding', 'reason', 'cookies', 'elapsed', 'request'
]
def __init__(self):
self._content = False
self._content_consumed = False
self._next = None
self.status_code = None
self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
self.raw = None
self.url = None
self.encoding = None
self.history = []
self.reason = None
self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({})
self.elapsed = datetime.timedelta(0)
self.request = None
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
self.close()
def __getstate__(self):
if not self._content_consumed:
self.content
return {attr: getattr(self, attr, None) for attr in self.__attrs__}
def __setstate__(self, state):
for name, value in state.items():
setattr(self, name, value)
setattr(self, '_content_consumed', True)
setattr(self, 'raw', None)
def __repr__(self):
return '<Response [%s]>' % (self.status_code)
def __bool__(self):
"""Returns True if :attr:`status_code` is less than 400.
This attribute checks if the status code of the response is between
400 and 600 to see if there was a client error or a server error. If
the status code, is between 200 and 400, this will return True. This
is **not** a check to see if the response code is ``200 OK``.
"""
return self.ok
def __nonzero__(self):
"""Returns True if :attr:`status_code` is less than 400.
This attribute checks if the status code of the response is between
400 and 600 to see if there was a client error or a server error. If
the status code, is between 200 and 400, this will return True. This
is **not** a check to see if the response code is ``200 OK``.
"""
return self.ok
def __iter__(self):
"""Allows you to use a response as an iterator."""
return self.iter_content(128)
@property
def ok(self):
"""Returns True if :attr:`status_code` is less than 400, False if not.
This attribute checks if the status code of the response is between
400 and 600 to see if there was a client error or a server error. If
the status code is between 200 and 400, this will return True. This
is **not** a check to see if the response code is ``200 OK``.
"""
try:
self.raise_for_status()
except HTTPError:
return False
return True
@property
def is_redirect(self):
"""True if this Response is a well-formed HTTP redirect that could have
been processed automatically (by :meth:`Session.resolve_redirects`).
"""
return ('location' in self.headers and self.status_code in REDIRECT_STATI)
@property
def is_permanent_redirect(self):
"""True if this Response one of the permanent versions of redirect."""
return ('location' in self.headers and self.status_code in (codes.moved_permanently, codes.permanent_redirect))
@property
def next(self):
"""Returns a PreparedRequest for the next request in a redirect chain, if there is one."""
return self._next
@property
def apparent_encoding(self):
"""The apparent encoding, provided by the chardet library."""
return chardet.detect(self.content)['encoding']
def iter_content(self, chunk_size=1, decode_unicode=False):
"""Iterates over the response data. When stream=True is set on the
request, this avoids reading the content at once into memory for
large responses. The chunk size is the number of bytes it should
read into memory. This is not necessarily the length of each item
returned as decoding can take place.
chunk_size must be of type int or None. A value of None will
function differently depending on the value of `stream`.
stream=True will read data as it arrives in whatever size the
chunks are received. If stream=False, data is returned as
a single chunk.
If decode_unicode is True, content will be decoded using the best
available encoding based on the response.
"""
def generate():
if hasattr(self.raw, 'stream'):
try:
for chunk in self.raw.stream(chunk_size, decode_content=True):
yield chunk
except ProtocolError as e:
raise ChunkedEncodingError(e)
except DecodeError as e:
raise ContentDecodingError(e)
except ReadTimeoutError as e:
raise ConnectionError(e)
else:
while True:
chunk = self.raw.read(chunk_size)
if not chunk:
break
yield chunk
self._content_consumed = True
if self._content_consumed and isinstance(self._content, bool):
raise StreamConsumedError()
elif chunk_size is not None and not isinstance(chunk_size, int):
raise TypeError("chunk_size must be an int, it is instead a %s." % type(chunk_size))
reused_chunks = iter_slices(self._content, chunk_size)
stream_chunks = generate()
chunks = reused_chunks if self._content_consumed else stream_chunks
if decode_unicode:
chunks = stream_decode_response_unicode(chunks, self)
return chunks
def iter_lines(self, chunk_size=ITER_CHUNK_SIZE, decode_unicode=False, delimiter=None):
"""Iterates over the response data, one line at a time. When
stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the
content at once into memory for large responses.
.. note:: This method is not reentrant safe.
"""
pending = None
for chunk in self.iter_content(chunk_size=chunk_size, decode_unicode=decode_unicode):
if pending is not None:
chunk = pending + chunk
if delimiter:
lines = chunk.split(delimiter)
else:
lines = chunk.splitlines()
if lines and lines[-1] and chunk and lines[-1][-1] == chunk[-1]:
pending = lines.pop()
else:
pending = None
for line in lines:
yield line
if pending is not None:
yield pending
@property
def content(self):
"""Content of the response, in bytes."""
if self._content is False:
if self._content_consumed:
raise RuntimeError(
'The content for this response was already consumed')
if self.status_code == 0 or self.raw is None:
self._content = None
else:
self._content = b''.join(self.iter_content(CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE)) or b''
self._content_consumed = True
return self._content
@property
def text(self):
"""Content of the response, in unicode.
If Response.encoding is None, encoding will be guessed using
``chardet``.
The encoding of the response content is determined based solely on HTTP
headers, following RFC 2616 to the letter. If you can take advantage of
non-HTTP knowledge to make a better guess at the encoding, you should
set ``r.encoding`` appropriately before accessing this property.
"""
content = None
encoding = self.encoding
if not self.content:
return str('')
if self.encoding is None:
encoding = self.apparent_encoding
try:
content = str(self.content, encoding, errors='replace')
except (LookupError, TypeError):
content = str(self.content, errors='replace')
return content
def json(self, **kwargs):
r"""Returns the json-encoded content of a response, if any.
:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``json.loads`` takes.
:raises ValueError: If the response body does not contain valid json.
"""
if not self.encoding and self.content and len(self.content) > 3:
encoding = guess_json_utf(self.content)
if encoding is not None:
try:
return complexjson.loads(
self.content.decode(encoding), **kwargs
)
except UnicodeDecodeError:
pass
return complexjson.loads(self.text, **kwargs)
@property
def links(self):
"""Returns the parsed header links of the response, if any."""
header = self.headers.get('link')
l = {}
if header:
links = parse_header_links(header)
for link in links:
key = link.get('rel') or link.get('url')
l[key] = link
return l
def raise_for_status(self):
"""Raises :class:`HTTPError`, if one occurred."""
http_error_msg = ''
if isinstance(self.reason, bytes):
try:
reason = self.reason.decode('utf-8')
except UnicodeDecodeError:
reason = self.reason.decode('iso-8859-1')
else:
reason = self.reason
if 400 <= self.status_code < 500:
http_error_msg = u'%s Client Error: %s for url: %s' % (self.status_code, reason, self.url)
elif 500 <= self.status_code < 600:
http_error_msg = u'%s Server Error: %s for url: %s' % (self.status_code, reason, self.url)
if http_error_msg:
raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)
def close(self):
"""Releases the connection back to the pool. Once this method has been
called the underlying ``raw`` object must not be accessed again.
*Note: Should not normally need to be called explicitly.*
"""
if not self._content_consumed:
self.raw.close()
release_conn = getattr(self.raw, 'release_conn', None)
if release_conn is not None:
release_conn()
import requests
requests.get()
r = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
r.url
r.status_code
r.text
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