[游戏开发]Philosophy of the Social Sciences: The Popperian Turn

Philosophy of the Social Sciences: The Popperian Turn

What is science

Thoughts

• reliable knowledge
• the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.
• Grammar a science?
• framework to
• is science a process

Definition

• A body of conceptual and theoretical knowledge
• a search for universal law-like statements expressible in a precise language
• a methodology
• a way of knowing and justifying knowledge claims
• a particular set of propositions about nature
• any procedure characterised by riot, precision or objectivity
• a label of approbal used to set apart certain activities

Aim of science (cardinal aims of science)

• prediction
• control
• explanation

Scientific explanation (~=confirmation (every explanation is only a limited scope of the whole scenario))

• covering law
• causal
• functional

Human beings

economics

fully understand the world, perfect

economics

Transaction type

function of a heart

Pumping blood for the body

Science should only be what is the case?

mind field

Hardship

regular beeding sound

comes from you

complicated

functional explanations

blood

What can science tell us?

Is social Science possible?

Karl Popper

• Logic of Scientific Discovery
• Conjectures and refutations
• Objective knowledge
• Problem of the induction, you can not say the 100 swan is white, all swan is the white
• realism and objectivism
• verification and vs falsification

Popper’s solution to the problem of induction

• instead of attempting

key features

• science vs pseudo-science and metaphysics
• critical rationalism (conjectures and refutations)
• causal explanation= covering-law model

Some problems with falsificationism

• the principle itself “unscientific” in terms of its own criteria
• the principle is too demanding
• residual empiricism
• falsification rarely used in practice

Duhem-Quine thesis

• scientists should find the way to prove something is false
• experiments in science involve observation of phenomena accompanied by the theoretical presuppositions, assumptions, interpretations, etc
  • It is related to what your definition is
• Scientists therefore do not submit single hypotheses to the control of experiments, but whole group of them
• it follows that experimental evidence alone can not conclusively falsify experiments

Naive and Sophisticated falsificationism

• Falsification as a normative doctrine
• they may not have a comprehensive descriptions
  • variables
  • conditions
• Scientific experiments
• Basically, there are two group of people
  • Scientists
    • They follow the specific rules within the community in evaluating
    • They want to prove there is something that is true
  • philosopher
    • They are sharp
    • They want to prove something is wrong

Popper on the methodology of the social sciences

• Situational analysis
• rationality principle
• propensities

Interpretations of probability

aleatory假设性的

取决于掷骰子或机会；随机。
与音乐或其他艺术形式有关，或指在其创作、生产或表演过程中涉及随机选择的元素（有时使用统计或计算机技术）。
“不确定的音乐”

epistemic

认识论

Popper’s social

Antecedent? Francis Bacon

Two principles of Baconiamism

• As a hypothesis can be overthrown by a single negative

Karl von Frisch

• Bee dancing and novel prize
• try it again and again to

Thomas Kuhn

The structure of scientific revolutions

an extended argument against the logical positivist view of theory change as a smooth cumulative process in which the accretion of empirical facts leads to revisions in our theories in our theories and to an ever-increasing knowledge of the world (and ultimately to the unity of science)

Kuhnian scientific change

Defining characteristics of the Kuhnian view

• there is no theory-neutral body of observational judgements to adjudicate between paradigms
• objective scientific truth is not attainable even
• research questions asked may differ across paradigms
• scientific

Criticisms of Kuhn

• relativism
• vagueness of the paradigm concept

Imre Lakatos

• methodology of scientific research programmes
• Logic of appraisal that purports to retrodict the development of science
• compromise between the ahistorical methodology of popper and the relativistic, historical methodology of Kuhn

Essential components of Lakatos’ framework

• what ought to be
• and inevitably is, appraised are not single theories but clusters of theories or scientific researc programmes
• SRPs are characterissed by a hard core of metaphysical and methodological commitements, surrounded by a “protective belt” of auxiliary assumptions that bear the brunt of testing
• the hard core is t

essential components of Lakatos’ framework

• the protective belt contains the flexible part of the SRP and it is here that the hard core is combined with auxiliary assumptions to form specific testable theories
• SRPs may be theoretically or emp

Criticisms of MSRP

• Not substantially differet from Kuhn?
• The progress of science is not always a matter of rational choices
• difficulties in assessing what is in the hard core and what is not?
• Hardcore

Paul Feyerabend

• LSE
• UCB
• 新西兰
• ETHZ
• against method (1988)
• there is o theory-neutral body of observational judgements to adjudicate between paradigms
• objective scientific truth is not attainable even at the level of observables (never mind unobservables)
• no one set of methodological rules can do justice to the complexity
• there are no canons of scientific methodology, however plausible and firmly grounded in epistemology, that have not been violated with impunity (and often very fruitfully in science)
• if there is no rationalisation for science, there there is nothing to privilege scientific beliefs over other beliefs
• the thesis that science advances by incorporating older theories as special cases is a myth
• Conservations with literatures
• Anti-method, pro methodological anarchism/ anything goes
• Picture of hims
• generalized criterias
• rules
• Rationality
• science
• useful or not
• not denying
• Deny the authority of science

Criticisms of “anything goes”

• Over-relativistic
• self denying
• no guarantee against totalitarianism

c4

D1-d4

4*15

Summary

• Thomas Kuhn and the structure of scientific revolutions
• Imre Lakatos and the methodology of scientific research programmes
• Paul Feyerabend and “anything goes”