[游戏开发]专升本——动词的时态和语态

• 含义：
  1. 时：动作发生的时间
  2. 态：动作存在的状态（动词的形式）
• 类型：
  

1、一般时

1.1、一般现在时

• 习惯性，经常性

1. 一般现在时：
   1. 结构：
      1. do/does
      2. am/is/are

1.1.1、补充

1. 一般现在时可用于表达客观事实和普遍真理
   eg.太阳从东边升起
   The sun rises （rise） in East.
2. 一般现在时可用于表示人物的特征，性格，能力。

1.2、一般过去时

1. 结构
   1. did
   2. was/were

1.2.1、补充

1. used to do（过去常常做）
2. be used to do ··· （被用来做某事)
3. be used to doing（习惯于）

• 练习
  1. Her son ___ coke, but now he ___ milk.
     A. used to drink；used to drinking
     B. used to drinking；dinks
     C. is used to drinking；used to drink
     D. is used to drink；is drinking

1.3、一般将来时

1. 结构
   1. will do（所有人称）
   2. shall do （第一人称）

1.3.1、补充

一般将来时的其它表达方式：

1. be going to = will 将要做某事
   eg.我们明年去贵州旅游。
   We will travel to Guizhou next year.
   We are going to travel to Guizhou next year.
2. be about to do ··· when ··· 正要做某事时，就在这时
   eg.他们正要进行下一步的时候，就在这时男生突然放了个屁。
   They are zbout to continue with the next step when the boy suddenly farts.
3. be to do 是要做某事
   eg.我今生的唯一目标就是将你逮捕。
   The only goal of life is to arrest you.

2、进行时

• 某个时刻动作正在进行
• 通式：be doing

2.1、现在进行时

• 此时此刻动作正在进行
• 结构： am/is/are doing
• eg.听！海哭的声音。
  Listen！the sea is crying (cry).

2.2、过去进行时

• 过去某时刻动作正在发生
• 结构： was/were doing
• 时间状语：具体时间+一般过去时时间状语
• eg.我昨天晚上九点在看书。
  I was reading read at nine last night.

2.2.1、考点

• 过去进行时与一般过去时互为时间背景
• **结构：**主语1 was/were doing when 主语2 did （主语1正在做···这时主语2···）
• 一个动作正在发生，另一个动作突然发生
• eg.白雪公主正在睡觉的时候七个小矮人进来了。
  Snow White was sleeping （sleep）when the seven dwarfs came (come) in.

2.2、将来进行时

• 动作在将来某一时刻正在进行
• **结构：**will/shall be doing
• 时间状语：具体时间+一般将来时时间状语
• eg.明天这个时候我正在做作业
  I will be doing （do） homework at this time tomorrow.

3、完成时

3.1、现在完成时

• 动作截止现在已经完成
• **结构：**have/has done
• 时间状语：
  1. 起始时间：since
  2. 持续时间：for+一段时间
  3. 截止时间：already，yet，recently，by now
• eg.在过去两年中他做了许多工作。
  He has done （do) a lot of work in the past two years.

3.1.1、补充

1. 去过某地： have/has been to （回来了）
2. 去了某地： have/has gone to （没回来）
   eg. 他在哪儿？ Where is he?
   他去北京了。 He has gone to Beijing.

3.1.2、练习

• 用been/gone填空

1. She has ___ to the park, she will be back in two hours.
2. They have ___ to the forest alone and returned safely.
3. I have ___ to Hong Kong twice.
4. Tom has ___ to the W.C,so I have to wait for him.

3.2、过去完成时

• 动作截止到过去已经完成
• 结构： had done
• 时间状语：
  1. 起始时间：
     1. Before+主语+did，主语+had done
     2. After+主语+had done，主语+did
        eg.Before we arrived （arrive）,the plance had taken （take） off.
        After the plane had taken off,we arrived.
  2. 持续时间：for+一段时间（句中有表示过去时间的词）
  3. 截止时间：by+过去时间

3.2.1、注意

• 当句子中无时间状语，两个动作都发生在过去，考察过去的过去这一概念时，先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的动作用一般过去时。
  eg.他说他曾经很了解她。
  He said （say） that he had known （know） her well.

3.3、练习

1. Isn’t it lovely think that I ___ myself on the sunny beach at this time tomorrow？
   A. will enjoy
   B. am enjoying
   C. will be enjoying
   D. shall enjoy
2. Mary ___ a dress when she out her finger.
   A. will stay
   B. are staying
   C. stay
   D. stayed
3. I ___ my face when suddenly someone knocked at the door.
   A. washed
   B. am washing
   C. was washing
   D. will wash
4. — I phoned you at 7：00 yesterday eveing but nobody answered.
   — Oh，I ___ my dog in the park then.
   A. walked
   B. was walking
   C. had walked
   D. would walk
5. There ___ not any more message from him since we graduated from college.
   A. has been
   B. had been
   C. was
   D. is
6. Helen ___ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.
   A. has left
   B. left
   C. had left
   D. will have left
7. I wonder why lenny ___ us recently.We should have heard from her by now.
   A. hasn’t written
   B. doesn’t write
   C. won’t write
   D. hadn’t written
8. So far，it ___ this week.
   A. is raining
   B. rained
   C. rains
   D. has been raining
9. She ___ what had happened to her computer before she walked to the door.
   A. had noticed
   B. has noticed
   C. noticed
   D. would notice

3.4、将来完成时

• 动作在将来某时刻完成

1. 结构： will/shall have done
2. 时间状语：
   1. 持续时间： for+一段时间（句中有表示将来时间的词）
   2. 截止时间：by+将来时间
3. 例子：下个月我就会减肥成功了。
   By the next month,I will have lost （lose） weight successfully.

4、现在完成进行时

• 动作截止到现在未完成，还在继续
• 动作从过去发生持续到现在，完成了一部分，还将持续下去或者表示对某动作的强调。译为一直在做

1. 结构： have/has been doing
2. 时间状语：同现在完成时
3. 例子：
   1. 我们已经工作两个小时了。让我们休息一下吧！
      We have been working （work） for two hours,，Let’s havea rest.
   2. Alice is sunburned，for she has been lying on the beach all afternoon.

4、补充

1. By the time 主语+do/does，主语+will/shall have done
2. By the time 主语+did，主语+had done
3. It is+the+序数词+time+that+主语+have/has done
4. It was+the+序数词+time+that+主语+had done

5、动词的语态

• 通式： be done
• 含义：把宾语变为主语，把动词的形式变为be done
• 例子：

1. 他的妈妈叫他起床了。
   His mother told him to get up
   他被他的妈妈叫起床了
   He was told to get up by his mother

5.1、各种时态下的被动语态

1. 一般时的被动

2. 进行时的被动

3. 完成时的被动

5.2、注意

1. 不及物动词无被动：
2. 感官动词主动形式表被动含义
   look，sound，smell，taste，feel
   eg.The food tastes （taste） good.
3. 发生（happen/occur/take place）无被动
4. 某些动词与副词的搭配，主动形式表被动含义
   V：sell，wirte，wash，clean
   Adv：well，quickly，easily，smoothly
   eg.他是一个有名的歌手，他的演唱会门票卖的非常好。
   He is a famous singer and his concert tickets sell sell well.