[游戏开发]leveldb之SkipList

关于跳跃表的理论知识可以查看：跳跃表的理论

Node

路径：leveldb/db/skiplist.h

定义和实现比较简单，就不再阐述了

关于内存模型memory_order可以查看：内存模型

template <typename Key, class Comparator>
struct SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Node {
  explicit Node(const Key& k) : key(k) {}

  Key const key;

  // Accessors/mutators for links.  Wrapped in methods so we can
  // add the appropriate barriers as necessary.
  Node* Next(int n) {
    assert(n >= 0);
    // Use an 'acquire load' so that we observe a fully initialized
    // version of the returned Node.
    return next_[n].load(std::memory_order_acquire);
  }
  void SetNext(int n, Node* x) {
    assert(n >= 0);
    // Use a 'release store' so that anybody who reads through this
    // pointer observes a fully initialized version of the inserted node.
    next_[n].store(x, std::memory_order_release);
  }

  // No-barrier variants that can be safely used in a few locations.
  Node* NoBarrier_Next(int n) {
    assert(n >= 0);
    return next_[n].load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
  }
  void NoBarrier_SetNext(int n, Node* x) {
    assert(n >= 0);
    next_[n].store(x, std::memory_order_relaxed);
  }

 private:
  // Array of length equal to the node height.  next_[0] is lowest level link.
  std::atomic<Node*> next_[1];
};

SkipList

构造函数

默认生成一个最高高度的头节点

template <typename Key, class Comparator>
SkipList<Key, Comparator>::SkipList(Comparator cmp, Arena* arena)
    : compare_(cmp),
      arena_(arena),
      head_(NewNode(0 /* any key will do */, kMaxHeight)),
      max_height_(1),
      rnd_(0xdeadbeef) {
  for (int i = 0; i < kMaxHeight; i++) {
    head_->SetNext(i, nullptr);
  }
}

KeyIsAfterNode

node->key < key 则为true

template <typename Key, class Comparator>
bool SkipList<Key, Comparator>::KeyIsAfterNode(const Key& key, Node* n) const {
  // null n is considered infinite
  return (n != nullptr) && (compare_(n->key, key) < 0);
}

FindGreaterOrEqual

找到第一个比key值大的节点，并将各个高度上的前节点保存在prev中，例如在下面跳跃表中key为25

1->10

1->10->20

1->10->20->30

那么返回的Node就是key为30的Node，prev为[10，20，20]

template <typename Key, class Comparator>
typename SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Node*
SkipList<Key, Comparator>::FindGreaterOrEqual(const Key& key,
                                              Node** prev) const {
  Node* x = head_;
  int level = GetMaxHeight() - 1;
  while (true) {
    Node* next = x->Next(level);
    if (KeyIsAfterNode(key, next)) {
      // Keep searching in this list
      x = next;
    } else {
      if (prev != nullptr) prev[level] = x;
      if (level == 0) {
        return next;
      } else {
        // Switch to next list
        level--;
      }
    }
  }
}

插入

内部根据key值按从小到大的顺序

1. FindGreaterOrEqual，主要是获取所有高度上的前置节点

2. 检测加入位置是否合理

3. 随机出来一个新高度，如果高度大于现有高度，则高出的部分连接头节点

4. 根据前置节点插入新的节点，操作类似链表

template <typename Key, class Comparator>
void SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Insert(const Key& key) {
  // TODO(opt): We can use a barrier-free variant of FindGreaterOrEqual()
  // here since Insert() is externally synchronized.
  Node* prev[kMaxHeight];
  // 1.找到插入位置的前一个节点，保存在prev中
  Node* x = FindGreaterOrEqual(key, prev); 

  // 2.检测加入位置是否合理
  assert(x == nullptr || !Equal(key, x->key));

  // 3.随机出来一个高度
  int height = RandomHeight();
  // 如果新高度大于现有高度，则将头节点连接高出来的部分
  if (height > GetMaxHeight()) {
    for (int i = GetMaxHeight(); i < height; i++) {
      prev[i] = head_;
    }
    // It is ok to mutate max_height_ without any synchronization
    // with concurrent readers.  A concurrent reader that observes
    // the new value of max_height_ will see either the old value of
    // new level pointers from head_ (nullptr), or a new value set in
    // the loop below.  In the former case the reader will
    // immediately drop to the next level since nullptr sorts after all
    // keys.  In the latter case the reader will use the new node.
    max_height_.store(height, std::memory_order_relaxed);
  }

  x = NewNode(key, height);
  for (int i = 0; i < height; i++) {
    // NoBarrier_SetNext() suffices since we will add a barrier when
    // we publish a pointer to "x" in prev[i].
    x->NoBarrier_SetNext(i, prev[i]->NoBarrier_Next(i));
    prev[i]->SetNext(i, x);
  }
}

Contains

遍历跳表，检查是否存在key值，效率高于链表。如果直接遍历0层，效率就和链表一样了。

template <typename Key, class Comparator>
bool SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Contains(const Key& key) const {
  Node* x = FindGreaterOrEqual(key, nullptr);
  if (x != nullptr && Equal(key, x->key)) {
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

GetMaxHeight

获取跳表目前最大高度

inline int GetMaxHeight() const {
	return max_height_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
}

NewNode

构建一个node，大小为sizeof(Node) + sizeof(std::atomic<Node*>) * (height - 1)

template <typename Key, class Comparator>
typename SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Node* SkipList<Key, Comparator>::NewNode(
    const Key& key, int height) {
  char* const node_memory = arena_->AllocateAligned(
      sizeof(Node) + sizeof(std::atomic<Node*>) * (height - 1));
  return new (node_memory) Node(key);
}

RandomHeight

随机生成高度，有1/4的概率增高

template <typename Key, class Comparator>
int SkipList<Key, Comparator>::RandomHeight() {
  // Increase height with probability 1 in kBranching
  static const unsigned int kBranching = 4;
  int height = 1;
  while (height < kMaxHeight && rnd_.OneIn(kBranching)) {
    height++;
  }
  assert(height > 0);
  assert(height <= kMaxHeight);
  return height;
}

FindLessThan

找到最后一个小于key的节点

template <typename Key, class Comparator>
typename SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Node*
SkipList<Key, Comparator>::FindLessThan(const Key& key) const {
  Node* x = head_;
  int level = GetMaxHeight() - 1;
  while (true) {
    assert(x == head_ || compare_(x->key, key) < 0);
    Node* next = x->Next(level);
    if (next == nullptr || compare_(next->key, key) >= 0) {
      if (level == 0) {
        return x;
      } else {
        // Switch to next list
        level--;
      }
    } else {
      x = next;
    }
  }
}

FindLast

找到最后一个节点

template <typename Key, class Comparator>
typename SkipList<Key, Comparator>::Node* SkipList<Key, Comparator>::FindLast()
    const {
  Node* x = head_;
  int level = GetMaxHeight() - 1;
  while (true) {
    Node* next = x->Next(level);
    if (next == nullptr) {
      if (level == 0) {
        return x;
      } else {
        // Switch to next list
        level--;
      }
    } else {
      x = next;
    }
  }
}

成员变量

Comparator const compare_; // 自定义比较器
Arena* const arena_; // 内存空间
Node* const head_; // 头节点
std::atomic<int> max_height_; // 最大高度
Random rnd_; // 用来生成随便高度

其他

SkipList内部好像没有定义删除操作，可以模仿insert写一个，我就不在这写bug了。。。